مدل‌سازی زیتوده جنگل‌های شاخه‌زاد بلوط غرب با استفاده از متریک‌های استخراج شده از داده‌های لایدار هوایی
محورهای موضوعی :
منابع طبیعی
فرزاد یاوری
1
(دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس)
هرمز سهرابی
2
(دانشیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/02/03
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/06/14
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/10/01
کلید واژه:
تاج پوشش,
لایدار,
معادلات رگرسیونی,
جنگل شاخه زاد,
زیتوده روی زمین,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: یکی از مهمترین داده‌های فعال سنجش از دوری برای استفاده در کمی کردن ویژگی‌های مختلف توده ها جنگلی داده‌های لایدار است. از جمله حوزه های فعال تحقیقاتی سنجش از دور، امکان سنجی برآورد زیتوده درختان با استفاده از متریک‌های مختلف داده‌های لایدار هوایی است.
روش بررسی: زیتوده درختان در 127 قطعه نمونه مربعی به روش منظم تصادفی در دو منطقه کم تراکم و پرتراکم به ابعاد 900 متر مربع برای اندازه گیری موجود در قطعات نمونه برداشت شد. داده های لایدار برای یافتن وحذف هر گونه خطا بررسی، DTM [1]، DSM [2]و CHM[3] از این داده ها استخراج و شاخص های آماری مختلف از ارتفاعی داده های لایدار برای هر قطعه نمونه استخراج شد. به منظور برآورد زیتوده رگرسیون گام به گام استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج دقت متوسط برای براورد زیتوده توسط داده‌های لایدار نشان داد به شکلی که مقدار ضریب تعیین و جذر میانگین مربعات خطا (بر حسب تن در هکتار) در برآورد زیتوده با داده های لایدار برای برگ، سرشاخه، شاخه، تنه وکل درخت در کل منطقه به ترتیب (58/0 و 28)، (54/0 و 23)، (68/0 و 35/1) (68/0 و 53/1) (65/0 و 69/3) بود.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: به دلیل خطای بالا در مشخص کردن نوک تاج درختان در توده های پهن برگ و مخصوصا توده های شاخه زاد به دلیل ارتفاع کم و شکل غیرهندسی تر، برآورد ارتفاع و سایر مشخصه ها در این توده ها با خطای زیادی همراه است. رسیدن به دقت‌های بالا مستلزم تحقیقات بیشتر است.
[1]- Digital Terrain Model
4- Digital Surface Model
5- Canopy Hight Model
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: One of the most important active remotely sensed data for quantification of different attributes of forest stands is LiDAR data. A research hotspot in this subject is to estimate forest biomass using different LiDAR derived metrics.
Material and Methodology: Forest biomass was measured in 127 systematically designed 900-meter square rectangular plots in two different sites (dense and sparse sites). LiDAR data was inspected for any possible error. DTM, DSM, and CHM were extracted from LiDAR data and different metrics at plot level were calculated. For modeling, stepwise regression was applied.
Findings: Result showed a moderate precision for biomass estimation using LiDAR data in a way that the coefficient of determination and root mean square error (Ton/ha) for biomass estimation of leaves, twigs, branches, bole, and whole tree were 0.58-28, 0.54-23, 0.68-1.35, 0.68-1.53, .65-3.69, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion: Due to high error of determination of tree tips in broadleaves forests especially in coppice stands which have low tree height with irregular shapes; the error of the estimation of tree height using LiDar data is high. Better results demand further researches.
منابع و مأخذ:
Mohammadi, J. and Shataee, Sh. (2009), “Sensitivity Evaluation of Spectral Vegetation Indices Using Sensitivity Functions for Stand Volume Estimation.” J. of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 2, PP. 101-120. (In Persian)
ABDI, N., MADAH, A. H., & ZAHEDI, A. G. (2008), “Estimation of carbon sequestration in Astragalus rangelands of Markazi province (Case study: Malmir rangeland in Shazand region)” Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, Vol.15, No. 2, PP. 269-282.
Bakhtiarvand Bakhtiari, S. and Sohrabi, H. (2012), “Allometric equations for estimating above and below-ground carbon storage of four broadleaved and coniferous trees.” Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 20, No. 3, PP. 481-492, (In Persian)
Aghayani-pour, K. and Hakemifar, J. (2008), “Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Strength of Piezoelectric Structures Under Pressure Forces,” Proc. of the 1stConference on Dynamics of Advanced Structures, Mechanics Research Center, Isfahan, pp. 23-25, (In Persian)
Reutebuch, S. E., McGaughey, R. J., Andersen, H. E., & Carson, W. W. (2003), “Accuracy of a high-resolution lidar terrain model under a conifer forest canopy.” Canadian journal of remote sensing, Vol. 29, No. 5, PP. 527-535.
Stephens, P. R., Kimberley, M. O., Beets, P. N., Paul, T. S., Searles, N., Bell, A., ... & Broadley, J. (2012), “Airborne scanning LiDAR in a double sampling forest carbon inventory”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 117, PP. 348-357.
Anderson, J., Martin, M. E., Smith, M. L., Dubayah, R. O., Hofton, M. A., Hyde, P., ... & Knox, R. G. (2006), “The use of waveform lidar to measure northern temperate mixed conifer and deciduous forest structure in New Hampshire.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 105, No. 3, PP. 248-361.
Næsset, E. (2002), “Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 80, No. 1, PP. 88-99.
Sexton, J. O., Bax, T., Siqueira, P., Swenson, J. J., Hensley, S. (2009), “A comparison of lidar, radar, and field measurements of canopy height in pine and hardwood forests of southeastern North America.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257, No. 3, PP. 1136-1147.
Lefsky, A., Cohen, W. B., Harding, D. J., Parker, G. G., Acker, S. A., Gower, S. T. (2002), “Lidar remote sensing of above‐ground biomass in three biomes. Global Ecology and Biogeography.” Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 11, No. 5, PP. 393-399.
Li, Y., Andersen, H. E., McGaughey, R. (2008), “A comparison of statistical methods for estimating forest biomass from light detection and ranging data. Western Journal of Applied Forestry.” Western Journal of Applied Forestry, Vol. 23, No. 4, PP. 223-231.
Van Aardt, J. A., Wynne, R. H., & Oderwald, R. G. (2006), “Forest volume and biomass estimation using small-footprint lidar-distributional parameters on a per-segment basis.” Forest Science, Vol. 52, No. 6, PP. 636-649.
Chen, Q., Laurin, G. V., Battles, J. J., Saah, D. (2012), “Integration of airborne lidar and vegetation types derived from aerial photography for mapping aboveground live biomass.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 121, PP. 108-117.
Takagi, K., Yone, Y., Takahashi, H., Sakai, R., Hojyo, H., Kamiura, T…, & Yoshida, T. (2015), “Forest biomass and volume estimation using airborne LiDAR in a cool-temperate forest of northern Hokkaido, Japan.” Ecological Informatics, Vol. 26, PP. 54-60.
Godwin, C., Chen, G., Singh, K. K. (2015), “The impact of urban residential development patterns on forest carbon density: An integration of LiDAR, aerial photography and field mensuration.” Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 136, PP. 97-109.
Latifi, H., Nothdurft, A., Koch, B. (2010), “Non-parametric prediction and mapping of standing timber volume and biomass in a temperate forest: application of multiple optical LiDAR-derived predictors.” Forestry, Vol. 83, No. 4, PP. 395-407.
Lefsky, M. A., Hudak, A. T., Cohen, W. B., & Acker, S. A. (2005), “Geographic variability in LiDar predictions of forest stand structure in the Pacific Northwest.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 95, No. 4, PP. 532-548.
Morsdorf, F., Kötz, B., Meier, E., Itten, K. I., Allgöwer B., (2006), “Estimation of LAI and fractional cover from small footprint airborne laser scanning data based on gap fraction.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 104, No. 1, PP. 50-61.
Næsset, E. (2004), “Practical large-scale forest stand inventory using a small-footprint airborne scanning laser”. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19, No. 2, PP. 164-179.
Iranmanesh, Y., Jalali, S.G.A ., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Hosseini, S.M., Sohrabi, H. (2013), “Allometric equations of biomass and carbon stocks for Quercus brantti acorn and its nutrition elements in Lordegan, Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari”. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 20 No. 4, PP. 551-564. (In Persian)
Hyyppä, J., Hyyppä, H., Leckie, D., Gougeon, F., Yu, X., Maltamo, M. (2008), “Review of methods of small footprint airborne laser scanning for extracting forest inventory data in boreal forests”. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29, PP. 1339–1366.
Kraus, K., & Pfeifer, N. (1998), “Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data”. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing,, Vol. 53, No. 4, PP. 193–203.
Næsset, E. (2011), “Estimating above-ground biomass in young forests with airborne laser scanning”. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, PP. 473–501.
Næsset, E., and Bjerknes, K.O. (2001), “Estimating tree heights and number of stems in young forest stands using airborne laser scanner data”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 78, PP. 328–340.
Lim, K., Treitz, P., Wulder, M., St-Onge, B., & Flood, M. (2003), “LiDAR remote sensing of forest structure”. Progress in physical geography, Vol. 27, No. 1, PP. 88–106.
Yu, X., Hyyppä, J., Kaartinen, H., & Maltamo, M. (2004), “Automatic detection of harvested trees and determination of forest growth using airborne laser scanning”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 90, No. 4, PP. 451–462.
Coops, N. C., Wulder, M. A., Culvenor, D. S., & St-Onge, B. (2004), “Comparison of forest attributes extracted from fine spatial resolution multispectral and lidar data”. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. 6, PP. 855–866.
Husch, B., T.W. Beers & J.A. Kershaw, (2003), Forest mensuration. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc, PP. 443.
Zianis, D., Muukkonen, P., Mäkipää, R., & Mencuccini, M. (2005), “Biomass and stem volume equations for tree species in Europe”, FI.
Mohamadi, j. (2013), “Improving in Estimation of Some Forest Structure Quantitative Characteristics by Combining the Lidar and Digital Aerial Images in Shast Kalate Hardwood Forests of Gorgane”, (Thesis).
Glenn, N. F., Spaete, L. P., Sankey, T. T., Derryberry, D. R., Hardegree, S. P., & Mitchell, J. J. (2011), “Errors in LiDAR-derived shrub height and crown area on sloped terrain”. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 75, No. 4, PP. 377–382.
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Mohammadi, J. and Shataee, Sh. (2009), “Sensitivity Evaluation of Spectral Vegetation Indices Using Sensitivity Functions for Stand Volume Estimation.” J. of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 2, PP. 101-120. (In Persian)
ABDI, N., MADAH, A. H., & ZAHEDI, A. G. (2008), “Estimation of carbon sequestration in Astragalus rangelands of Markazi province (Case study: Malmir rangeland in Shazand region)” Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, Vol.15, No. 2, PP. 269-282.
Bakhtiarvand Bakhtiari, S. and Sohrabi, H. (2012), “Allometric equations for estimating above and below-ground carbon storage of four broadleaved and coniferous trees.” Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 20, No. 3, PP. 481-492, (In Persian)
Aghayani-pour, K. and Hakemifar, J. (2008), “Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Strength of Piezoelectric Structures Under Pressure Forces,” Proc. of the 1stConference on Dynamics of Advanced Structures, Mechanics Research Center, Isfahan, pp. 23-25, (In Persian)
Reutebuch, S. E., McGaughey, R. J., Andersen, H. E., & Carson, W. W. (2003), “Accuracy of a high-resolution lidar terrain model under a conifer forest canopy.” Canadian journal of remote sensing, Vol. 29, No. 5, PP. 527-535.
Stephens, P. R., Kimberley, M. O., Beets, P. N., Paul, T. S., Searles, N., Bell, A., ... & Broadley, J. (2012), “Airborne scanning LiDAR in a double sampling forest carbon inventory”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 117, PP. 348-357.
Anderson, J., Martin, M. E., Smith, M. L., Dubayah, R. O., Hofton, M. A., Hyde, P., ... & Knox, R. G. (2006), “The use of waveform lidar to measure northern temperate mixed conifer and deciduous forest structure in New Hampshire.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 105, No. 3, PP. 248-361.
Næsset, E. (2002), “Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 80, No. 1, PP. 88-99.
Sexton, J. O., Bax, T., Siqueira, P., Swenson, J. J., Hensley, S. (2009), “A comparison of lidar, radar, and field measurements of canopy height in pine and hardwood forests of southeastern North America.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257, No. 3, PP. 1136-1147.
Lefsky, A., Cohen, W. B., Harding, D. J., Parker, G. G., Acker, S. A., Gower, S. T. (2002), “Lidar remote sensing of above‐ground biomass in three biomes. Global Ecology and Biogeography.” Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 11, No. 5, PP. 393-399.
Li, Y., Andersen, H. E., McGaughey, R. (2008), “A comparison of statistical methods for estimating forest biomass from light detection and ranging data. Western Journal of Applied Forestry.” Western Journal of Applied Forestry, Vol. 23, No. 4, PP. 223-231.
Van Aardt, J. A., Wynne, R. H., & Oderwald, R. G. (2006), “Forest volume and biomass estimation using small-footprint lidar-distributional parameters on a per-segment basis.” Forest Science, Vol. 52, No. 6, PP. 636-649.
Chen, Q., Laurin, G. V., Battles, J. J., Saah, D. (2012), “Integration of airborne lidar and vegetation types derived from aerial photography for mapping aboveground live biomass.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 121, PP. 108-117.
Takagi, K., Yone, Y., Takahashi, H., Sakai, R., Hojyo, H., Kamiura, T…, & Yoshida, T. (2015), “Forest biomass and volume estimation using airborne LiDAR in a cool-temperate forest of northern Hokkaido, Japan.” Ecological Informatics, Vol. 26, PP. 54-60.
Godwin, C., Chen, G., Singh, K. K. (2015), “The impact of urban residential development patterns on forest carbon density: An integration of LiDAR, aerial photography and field mensuration.” Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 136, PP. 97-109.
Latifi, H., Nothdurft, A., Koch, B. (2010), “Non-parametric prediction and mapping of standing timber volume and biomass in a temperate forest: application of multiple optical LiDAR-derived predictors.” Forestry, Vol. 83, No. 4, PP. 395-407.
Lefsky, M. A., Hudak, A. T., Cohen, W. B., & Acker, S. A. (2005), “Geographic variability in LiDar predictions of forest stand structure in the Pacific Northwest.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 95, No. 4, PP. 532-548.
Morsdorf, F., Kötz, B., Meier, E., Itten, K. I., Allgöwer B., (2006), “Estimation of LAI and fractional cover from small footprint airborne laser scanning data based on gap fraction.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 104, No. 1, PP. 50-61.
Næsset, E. (2004), “Practical large-scale forest stand inventory using a small-footprint airborne scanning laser”. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19, No. 2, PP. 164-179.
Iranmanesh, Y., Jalali, S.G.A ., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Hosseini, S.M., Sohrabi, H. (2013), “Allometric equations of biomass and carbon stocks for Quercus brantti acorn and its nutrition elements in Lordegan, Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari”. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 20 No. 4, PP. 551-564. (In Persian)
Hyyppä, J., Hyyppä, H., Leckie, D., Gougeon, F., Yu, X., Maltamo, M. (2008), “Review of methods of small footprint airborne laser scanning for extracting forest inventory data in boreal forests”. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29, PP. 1339–1366.
Kraus, K., & Pfeifer, N. (1998), “Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data”. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing,, Vol. 53, No. 4, PP. 193–203.
Næsset, E. (2011), “Estimating above-ground biomass in young forests with airborne laser scanning”. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, PP. 473–501.
Næsset, E., and Bjerknes, K.O. (2001), “Estimating tree heights and number of stems in young forest stands using airborne laser scanner data”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 78, PP. 328–340.
Lim, K., Treitz, P., Wulder, M., St-Onge, B., & Flood, M. (2003), “LiDAR remote sensing of forest structure”. Progress in physical geography, Vol. 27, No. 1, PP. 88–106.
Yu, X., Hyyppä, J., Kaartinen, H., & Maltamo, M. (2004), “Automatic detection of harvested trees and determination of forest growth using airborne laser scanning”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 90, No. 4, PP. 451–462.
Coops, N. C., Wulder, M. A., Culvenor, D. S., & St-Onge, B. (2004), “Comparison of forest attributes extracted from fine spatial resolution multispectral and lidar data”. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. 6, PP. 855–866.
Husch, B., T.W. Beers & J.A. Kershaw, (2003), Forest mensuration. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc, PP. 443.
Zianis, D., Muukkonen, P., Mäkipää, R., & Mencuccini, M. (2005), “Biomass and stem volume equations for tree species in Europe”, FI.
Mohamadi, j. (2013), “Improving in Estimation of Some Forest Structure Quantitative Characteristics by Combining the Lidar and Digital Aerial Images in Shast Kalate Hardwood Forests of Gorgane”, (Thesis).
Glenn, N. F., Spaete, L. P., Sankey, T. T., Derryberry, D. R., Hardegree, S. P., & Mitchell, J. J. (2011), “Errors in LiDAR-derived shrub height and crown area on sloped terrain”. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 75, No. 4, PP. 377–382.
