بررسی ترسیب کربن پوشش درختی و خاک در دو پارک شهری کوهدشت
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعیشریفه حیدریان 1 , فرهاد قاسمی آقباش 2
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جنگل‌داری دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست دانشگاه ملایر
2 - استادیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست دانشگاه ملایر (مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: عمق خاک, پهن‌برگ, فضاهای سبز شهری, ترسیب کربن, کوهدشت,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: افزایش دی اکسیدکربن اتمسفری در سال های اخیر منجر به افزایش گرمایش جهانی و تغییرات اقلیمی شده است. ترسیب کربن در پوشش درختی، گیاهی و خاک های تحت آن ساده ترین و از لحاظ اقتصادی عملی ترین راه کار ممکن جهت کاهش کربن اتمسفری محسوب می شود. لذا این پژوهش به منظور ارزیابی میزان ترسیب کربن پوشش درختی و خاک در دو پارک شهری کوهدشت (پارک شقایق و شهید بهشتی) انجام شد.روش بررسی: جهت دست یابی به هدف مورد نظر، درختان هر دو پارک مورد آماربرداری قرار گرفتند. هم چنین نمونه های خاکی در دو عمق 0 تا 15 و 15 تا 30 سانتی متری از داخل پارک و زمین عاری از پوشش گیاهی مجاور پارک (به عنوان شاهد) جمع آوری و برای انجام آنالیزهای مربوطه آماده شدند.بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد مقدار ترسیب کربن خاک در اعماق 0 تا 15 و 15 تا 30 سانتی متری در پارک شقایق و منطقه شاهد آن به ترتیب 7/106، 65/251، 52/23 و 48/45 تن در هکتار از پارک شهید بهشتی و منطقه شاهد آن به ترتیب 93/11، 83/20، 05/32 و 13/53 تن در هکتار به طور معنی داری (P< 0.01) بیش تر بود. تراکم و تنوع در آمیختگی پوشش درختی نیز تاثیر چشم گیری در مقدار کربن ترسیب داشته است (چنار13/53، کاج مشهد 32/31، کاج تهران 05/32 و اقاقیای توپی 81/12 تن در هکتار). به طورکلی، ترسیب کربن پارک شقایق از پارک شهید بهشتی بیش تر بوده و از جمله دلایل اصلی آن می توان به بافت خاک (رسی)، تراکم و تنوع بالای پوشش درختی و هم چنین نزدیکی به جاده دسترسی آسفالته اشاره کرد.
Background and objectives: The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in recent years has led to increased global warming and climate change. Carbon sequestration in tree, vegetation and subsoil cover is the simplest and most economically viable way to reduce atmospheric carbon. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the amount of carbon sequestration of tree cover and soil in two urban parks of Kuhdasht (Shaghayegh and Shahid Beheshti parks).Methods: In order to achieve the desired goal, the trees of both parks were surveyed. Also, soil samples were collected at two depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm from inside the park and land free of vegetation adjacent to the park (as a control) and prepared for relevant analyzes.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the amount of soil carbon sequestration at depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm in Shaghayegh Park and its control area were 107.7, 251.65, 23.52 and 45.48 tons, respectively. In hectares of Shahid Beheshti Park and its control area, 11.93, 20.83, 32.05 and 53.13 tons per hectare were significantly higher (P <0.01), respectively. Density and variability in tree cover mixing also had a significant effect on the amount of sediment carbon (sycamore 53.13, Mashhad pine 31.32, Tehran pine 32.05 and ball acacia 12.81 tons per hectare). In general, the carbon sequestration of Shaghayegh Park is more than Shahid Beheshti Park, and among the main reasons are soil texture (clay), high density and variety of tree cover, as well as proximity to the asphalt access road.
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2. Vahidi, A., Khosravi, M., and Ahmadi, M., 2013. Identify sources of carbon dioxide emissions for injection into oil reservoirs to increase harvest. Journal of Exploration & Production Oil & Gas, 106: 40-43. (In Persian).
3. Pourhashemi, M., 2011. Investigating the structure of urban forests (Case study: Chitgar Forest Park). National Forest and Rangeland Research Institute, National Botanical Garden of Iran. 1-14. (In Persian).
4. Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., and Abdi, N., 2008. Urban forest potential in reducing greenhouse gases and conserving energy. Energy news, 1(1): 71-72. (In Persian).
5. Fallahi, J., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Nassiri mahallati, M., and Behdani, M.A., 2013. Validation of RothC Model for Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration in a Restorated Ecosystem Under Two Different Climatic Scenarios. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3): 658-668. (In Persian).
6. Mahmoudi Taleghani, E., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Adeli, E., and Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2007. Assessment of carbon sequestration in soil layers of managed forest (Case study: Golband forest in the north of Iran). Journal of Iranian Forest and Poplar Research, 15(3): 241-252. (In Persian).
7. Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., and Abdi, N., 2011. The effect of afforestation with broadleaf species on carbon sequestration in the soil of Chitgar Forest Park. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 25(3): 187-196. (In Persian).
8. Hagh Doost, N., Akbari Nia, M., Hosseini, S.M., and Varamesh, S., 2012. The effect of replacing the degraded forests of the north with afforestation on soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Studies, 38(3): 135-146. (In Persian).
9. Dinakaran, J., Krishnayya, N. S. R., 2008: Variations in type of vegetal cover and heterogeneity of soil organic carbon in affecting sink capacity of tropical soils. 94:1144-1150.
10. Ugle, P., Rao, S., and Ramachandra, T.V., 2010. Carbon Sequestration Potential Of Urban Trees. Wetlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change.1-12.
11. Rossi, A.M., Hirmas, D.R., Graham, R.C., and Sternberg, P.D., 2008. Bulk Density Determination by Automated Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning. SSSAJ: Volume 72: Number 6. 1591-1593.
12. Gee, G.W. , and Bauder, J.W. 1986. Particle-size analysis, in : Klute A Editor. Methods of soil analysis: physical an mineralogicale methods.New York: American of Agronomy,404-9.
13. Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F., Lemcke, G., 2001.Loss on Ignition as a method for Estimaiting Organic and Carbonate content in sediment:Reproducibility and comparability of Results, Journal of paleolimnology,25:101-110.
14. Froozeh, M.R., Heshmati, Gh., Ghanbarian, Gh., and Mesbah, S.H., 2008. Comparison of carbon sequestration potential of three plant species of Helianthemum, Dendrostellera lesserti and Artemisia sieberi in arid pastures of Iran (Case study: Gorbaigan Fasa plain). Journal of Environmental Studies, 34(46):65-72. (In Persian).
15. Lemma, B., Kleja, D.B., Nilsson, I., and Olsson, M., 2006. Soil carbon sequestration under different exotic tree species in the South Western Highlands of Ethiopia. Geoderma, 136:886-898.
16. Zobeyri, M., 2011. Forest Inventory, Tehran University Press. 424p. (In Persian).
17. Subedi, B.P., Pandey, S.S., Pandey, A., Bahadur Rana, E., Bhattarai, S., Raj, Banskota, T., Charmakar, S. and Tamrakar, R. 2010. Asia Network for Sustainable agriculture and bio resources. Federation of community forest users, Nepal, international center for integrated mountain development, Norwegian agency for development cooperation, guidelines for measuring carbon stocks in community- managed forests.16p.
18. Bordbar, S.K. and Mortazavi, Jahromi, S.M. 2006. Review of potential carbon storage in eucalyptus and acacia afforest in the western province, quarterly research and development, 70: 95-103.
19. Hopmans, P., Elms. 2009. Changes in total carbon and nutrients in soil profiles and accumulation in biomass after a 30- year rotation of pinus radiata on podzolized sands: Impact of intensive harvesting on soil resources. Forest Ecology and Management, 258(10), Pp: 2183-2193.
20. Rossi, J., Govaerts, A., De Vos, B., Verbist, B., Vervoort, A., Possen, J., Muys, B. and Deckers, J. 2009. Spatial structures of soil organic carbon in tropical forests- a case study of Southeastern Tanzania, Catena, 77: 19-27.
21. Panahi, P., Pourhashemi, M., and Hassani Nejad, M., 2011. Estimation of leaf biomass and leaf carbon sequestration of Pistacia atlantica in National Botanical Garden of Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(1): 1-12. (In Persian).
22. Varamesh, S., 2009. Comparison of carbon sequestration of broadleaf and coniferous species in urban forest (Case study: Chitgar Park, Tehran), Master's thesis, Tarbiat Moddares University, 331p. (In Persian).
23. Akala, V.A., and Lal, R., 2001. Soil organic carbon pools and sequestration rates in reclaimed mine soils in Ohio. J0urnal of Environmental Quality, 30: 2098-2104.
24. Baker, T.R., Phillips, O.L., Malhi, Y., Almeidas, S., Arroyo, L., Di Fiore, A., Erwin, T., Killen, T.J., Laurance, S.G., Laurance, W.F., Lewis, S.L., Lloyd, J., Monteagudo, A., Neill, D.A., Patino, S., Pitman, N.C.A., Silva, J.N.M., and Vasquez-Martinez, R., 2004: Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forests. Global Change Biol. 10, 545-562.
25. Whitmore, T.C., 1998. An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests, 2nd ed.Oxford University Press, New York.154pp.
26. Ali Arab, A., Hosseini, S.M., and Jalali, S.Gh., 2005. Effects of Acer insigne, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus deltoides and Cupressus sempervirens on Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil in East of Haraz afforestation. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences, 19(1): 96-106. (In Persian).
27. Abdi, N., Maddah Arefi, H., and Zahedi Amiri, Gh., 2008. Estimation of carbon sequestration in Astragalus rangelands of Markazi province (Case study: Malmir rangeland in Shazand region), Iranian journal of Range and Desert Reseach, 15(2): 269-282. (In Persian).
28. Lal, R., 2005. Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecology and Management, 220: 242–258.
29. Paul, E.A., and Clark, F.E., 1996. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. Academic Press, San Diego CA. 243pp.
30. Bauer, A., Cole, C.V., and Black, A.L., 1987. Soil property comparisons in virgin grasslands between grazed and nongrazed management systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51:176–182.
31. Abdi, N., 2005. Estimation of carbon sequestration capacity by Astragalus (Subgenus: Tragacanty) in Central and Isfahan Provinces. Ph.D. thesis, Islamic Azad University, 194p. (In Persian).
32. Koerner, B., and Klopatek, J. 2002. Anthropogenic and natural CO2 emission sources in an arid urban environment. Environment Pollution. 116: 45-51.
33. Lal, R., Kimble, J. and Follett, R., 1998: Land use and soil C pools in terrestrial ecosystrms. In: Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil (Eds Lal, R., Kimble, J.M., Follett, R.F. and Stewart, B.A.). CRC Press, New York: 1-10.
34. Baldock, J.A., and Oades, 1992: Aspects of the chemical structure of soil organic materials as revealed by solid- state. Sol Biology and Biochemistry, 16: 1-42.
35. Singh G., and Singh, NT, 1993: Mesquite for revegetation of salt lands. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute. Bulletin No. 18: 20-26.
36. Schuman G.E., Janzen H., Herrick J.E., 2002: Soil Carbon Information and Potential Carbon Sequestration by Rangelands, Environmental Pollution, 116: 391- 396.
1. Bahmanpour, H., 2005. Investigating the effects of urban development on the green space in Tehran. Master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, 331p. (In Persian).
2. Vahidi, A., Khosravi, M., and Ahmadi, M., 2013. Identify sources of carbon dioxide emissions for injection into oil reservoirs to increase harvest. Journal of Exploration & Production Oil & Gas, 106: 40-43. (In Persian).
3. Pourhashemi, M., 2011. Investigating the structure of urban forests (Case study: Chitgar Forest Park). National Forest and Rangeland Research Institute, National Botanical Garden of Iran. 1-14. (In Persian).
4. Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., and Abdi, N., 2008. Urban forest potential in reducing greenhouse gases and conserving energy. Energy news, 1(1): 71-72. (In Persian).
5. Fallahi, J., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Nassiri mahallati, M., and Behdani, M.A., 2013. Validation of RothC Model for Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration in a Restorated Ecosystem Under Two Different Climatic Scenarios. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3): 658-668. (In Persian).
6. Mahmoudi Taleghani, E., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Adeli, E., and Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2007. Assessment of carbon sequestration in soil layers of managed forest (Case study: Golband forest in the north of Iran). Journal of Iranian Forest and Poplar Research, 15(3): 241-252. (In Persian).
7. Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., and Abdi, N., 2011. The effect of afforestation with broadleaf species on carbon sequestration in the soil of Chitgar Forest Park. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 25(3): 187-196. (In Persian).
8. Hagh Doost, N., Akbari Nia, M., Hosseini, S.M., and Varamesh, S., 2012. The effect of replacing the degraded forests of the north with afforestation on soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Studies, 38(3): 135-146. (In Persian).
9. Dinakaran, J., Krishnayya, N. S. R., 2008: Variations in type of vegetal cover and heterogeneity of soil organic carbon in affecting sink capacity of tropical soils. 94:1144-1150.
10. Ugle, P., Rao, S., and Ramachandra, T.V., 2010. Carbon Sequestration Potential Of Urban Trees. Wetlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change.1-12.
11. Rossi, A.M., Hirmas, D.R., Graham, R.C., and Sternberg, P.D., 2008. Bulk Density Determination by Automated Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning. SSSAJ: Volume 72: Number 6. 1591-1593.
12. Gee, G.W. , and Bauder, J.W. 1986. Particle-size analysis, in : Klute A Editor. Methods of soil analysis: physical an mineralogicale methods.New York: American of Agronomy,404-9.
13. Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F., Lemcke, G., 2001.Loss on Ignition as a method for Estimaiting Organic and Carbonate content in sediment:Reproducibility and comparability of Results, Journal of paleolimnology,25:101-110.
14. Froozeh, M.R., Heshmati, Gh., Ghanbarian, Gh., and Mesbah, S.H., 2008. Comparison of carbon sequestration potential of three plant species of Helianthemum, Dendrostellera lesserti and Artemisia sieberi in arid pastures of Iran (Case study: Gorbaigan Fasa plain). Journal of Environmental Studies, 34(46):65-72. (In Persian).
15. Lemma, B., Kleja, D.B., Nilsson, I., and Olsson, M., 2006. Soil carbon sequestration under different exotic tree species in the South Western Highlands of Ethiopia. Geoderma, 136:886-898.
16. Zobeyri, M., 2011. Forest Inventory, Tehran University Press. 424p. (In Persian).
17. Subedi, B.P., Pandey, S.S., Pandey, A., Bahadur Rana, E., Bhattarai, S., Raj, Banskota, T., Charmakar, S. and Tamrakar, R. 2010. Asia Network for Sustainable agriculture and bio resources. Federation of community forest users, Nepal, international center for integrated mountain development, Norwegian agency for development cooperation, guidelines for measuring carbon stocks in community- managed forests.16p.
18. Bordbar, S.K. and Mortazavi, Jahromi, S.M. 2006. Review of potential carbon storage in eucalyptus and acacia afforest in the western province, quarterly research and development, 70: 95-103.
19. Hopmans, P., Elms. 2009. Changes in total carbon and nutrients in soil profiles and accumulation in biomass after a 30- year rotation of pinus radiata on podzolized sands: Impact of intensive harvesting on soil resources. Forest Ecology and Management, 258(10), Pp: 2183-2193.
20. Rossi, J., Govaerts, A., De Vos, B., Verbist, B., Vervoort, A., Possen, J., Muys, B. and Deckers, J. 2009. Spatial structures of soil organic carbon in tropical forests- a case study of Southeastern Tanzania, Catena, 77: 19-27.
21. Panahi, P., Pourhashemi, M., and Hassani Nejad, M., 2011. Estimation of leaf biomass and leaf carbon sequestration of Pistacia atlantica in National Botanical Garden of Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(1): 1-12. (In Persian).
22. Varamesh, S., 2009. Comparison of carbon sequestration of broadleaf and coniferous species in urban forest (Case study: Chitgar Park, Tehran), Master's thesis, Tarbiat Moddares University, 331p. (In Persian).
23. Akala, V.A., and Lal, R., 2001. Soil organic carbon pools and sequestration rates in reclaimed mine soils in Ohio. J0urnal of Environmental Quality, 30: 2098-2104.
24. Baker, T.R., Phillips, O.L., Malhi, Y., Almeidas, S., Arroyo, L., Di Fiore, A., Erwin, T., Killen, T.J., Laurance, S.G., Laurance, W.F., Lewis, S.L., Lloyd, J., Monteagudo, A., Neill, D.A., Patino, S., Pitman, N.C.A., Silva, J.N.M., and Vasquez-Martinez, R., 2004: Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forests. Global Change Biol. 10, 545-562.
25. Whitmore, T.C., 1998. An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests, 2nd ed.Oxford University Press, New York.154pp.
26. Ali Arab, A., Hosseini, S.M., and Jalali, S.Gh., 2005. Effects of Acer insigne, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus deltoides and Cupressus sempervirens on Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil in East of Haraz afforestation. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences, 19(1): 96-106. (In Persian).
27. Abdi, N., Maddah Arefi, H., and Zahedi Amiri, Gh., 2008. Estimation of carbon sequestration in Astragalus rangelands of Markazi province (Case study: Malmir rangeland in Shazand region), Iranian journal of Range and Desert Reseach, 15(2): 269-282. (In Persian).
28. Lal, R., 2005. Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecology and Management, 220: 242–258.
29. Paul, E.A., and Clark, F.E., 1996. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. Academic Press, San Diego CA. 243pp.
30. Bauer, A., Cole, C.V., and Black, A.L., 1987. Soil property comparisons in virgin grasslands between grazed and nongrazed management systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51:176–182.
31. Abdi, N., 2005. Estimation of carbon sequestration capacity by Astragalus (Subgenus: Tragacanty) in Central and Isfahan Provinces. Ph.D. thesis, Islamic Azad University, 194p. (In Persian).
32. Koerner, B., and Klopatek, J. 2002. Anthropogenic and natural CO2 emission sources in an arid urban environment. Environment Pollution. 116: 45-51.
33. Lal, R., Kimble, J. and Follett, R., 1998: Land use and soil C pools in terrestrial ecosystrms. In: Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil (Eds Lal, R., Kimble, J.M., Follett, R.F. and Stewart, B.A.). CRC Press, New York: 1-10.
34. Baldock, J.A., and Oades, 1992: Aspects of the chemical structure of soil organic materials as revealed by solid- state. Sol Biology and Biochemistry, 16: 1-42.
35. Singh G., and Singh, NT, 1993: Mesquite for revegetation of salt lands. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute. Bulletin No. 18: 20-26.
36. Schuman G.E., Janzen H., Herrick J.E., 2002: Soil Carbon Information and Potential Carbon Sequestration by Rangelands, Environmental Pollution, 116: 391- 396.