اثر پلاریزاسیون غلظتی در فرآیند شیرین‌سازی آب به روش اسمز مستقیم (مروری)

محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیست

محسن باهوش ¹ , اسلام کاشی ² , سهیلا شکرالله زاده ³

1 - دکتری مهندسی شیمی، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار پژوهشکده فناوری‌های شیمیایی، سازمان پژوهشهای علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران.
3 - دانشیار پژوهشکده فناوری‌های شیمیایی، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/04/12 تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/08/04 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/03/01

کلید واژه: غشا, اسمز مستقیم, پلاریزاسیون غلظتی خارجی, نمک‌زدایی, پلاریزاسیون غلظتی داخلی,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: انرژی و آب دو عامل از مهم‌ترین عوامل چالش‌برانگیز هستند که بشر در هزاره سوم با آن‌ها مواجه است. در این میان روش‌های مختلفی برای نمک‌زدایی آب به‌کاربرده شده که ضمانت اجرایی و صنعتی شدن این روش‌ها، بهینه بودن آن‌ها ازلحاظ مصرف‌انرژی و داشتن بازده مناسب است. یکی از این روش‌ها، استفاده از فرآیند اسمزی است که خود به دو بخش اسمز معکوس و اسمز مستقیم تقسیم می‌شود. در حال حاضر، فرآیند اسمز معکوس به صورت وسیع در مقیاس صنعتی به‌کاربرده می شود. فرآیند اسمز مستقیم طی‌دهه‌اخیر موردتوجه قرارگرفته و در راه تجاری شدن با چالش‌های جدی مواجه است. ازجمله عوامل تأثیرگذار در فرآیند اسمز مستقیم می‌توان به: خواص محلول خوراک و محلول کِشنده (اسمزی)، پلاریزاسیون غلظتی، جهت غشا، گزینش‌پذیری و توانایی غشا در عدم عبور حل‌شونده‌های موجود در محلول‌های دو طرف غشا، ایجاد اختلاف فشار اسمزی بالا و قابلیت بازیابی آسان محلول کشنده، اشاره کرد. روش بررسی: در این مقاله پدیده پلاریزاسیون غلظتی، مدل های ریاضی حاکم بر آن و روش‌های کاهش آن به‌صورت مروری مورد‌مطالعه قرارگرفته است. یافته‌ها: راهکارهای مهمی برای کاهش پلاریزاسیون غلظتی، تغییر ساختار غشاء و بهینه سازی شرایط فرایندی و محلول کشنده توسط پژوهش‌گران موردبررسی قرارگرفته‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: با این‌که پلاریزاسیون غلظتی تأثیر مهمی بر کاهش شار آب عبوری از غشا دارد، به‌طوری‌که پلاریزاسیون غلظتی داخلی می‌تواند شار آب را تا حدود 80% شار آب عبوری اولیه کاهش دهد، ولی می‌توان با اتخاذ شرایط عملیاتی مناسب و بهینه‌سازی ساختار‌غشا آثار منفی آن ‌را کاهش داد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Energy and water are two of the most important challenging factors which human faces in the third millennium. Various methods of water desalination were employed that the applicability and industrialization of these methods are dependent on the optimization of the energy consumption and the appropriate efficiency. One of these methods is osmosis process that is divided into two sections: reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. Now, the reverse osmosis process is extensively used on industrial scale. The reverse osmosis process has more industrial applications than the forward osmosis. Currently, the forward osmosis process in commercialization path faces serious challenges. The factors that effect on the forward osmosis process include: properties of feed and draw solutions, concentration polarization, membrane orientation, selectivity and membrane ability to the rejection of solute on both sides of the membrane, creating a high osmotic pressure difference and easy regeneration capability of draw solution. Method: In this article an overview of concentration polarization, its mathematical models and its reduction methods are studied. Findings: The most important strategies proposed by researchers for reducing concentration polarization is changing the membrane structure and optimizing process conditions and draw solution. Discussion and Conclusion:  Although the concentration polarization has a significant influence on the control and reduction of the water flux to pass through the membrane, it can reduce the water flux up to 80% of the initial water flux but with using appropriate operating conditions and optimizing membrane structure, the neglect results of it can reduce.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme),2012. The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk. Paris, UNESCO.


2. Seckler, D., Amarasinghe, U., Molden, D., De Silva, R., Barker, R.,1998. World water demand and supply,1990 to 2025: Scenarios and issues. International Water Management Institute Research Report, 19.
   
   
   1. Amarasinghe, U.A., Smakhtin, V.,2014. Global water demand projections: Past, present and future. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Research Report.156.
   
   
   2. McGinnis, R.L., Elimelech, M.,2007. Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination. Desalination, Vol. 207(1–3), pp:370-82.
   
   
   3. Achilli, A., Cath, T.Y., Marchand, E.A., Childress, A.E.,2009. The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: A low fouling alternative to mbr processes. Desalination, Vol, 239, pp:10–21.
   
   
   4. Mi, B., Elimelech, M.,2010. Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: Fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 348(1–2), pp:337-45.
   
   
   5. Holloway, R.W., Cath, T.Y., Dennett, K.E., Childress, A.E.,2005. Forward osmosis for concentration of anaerobic digester centrate. Water research, Vol. 41(17), pp:4005-14.
   
   
   6. McCutcheon, J.R., Elimelech, M.,2006. Influence of concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science. Vol. 284, pp:237–47.
   
   
   7. Akther, N., Sodiq, A., Giwa, A., Daer, S., Arafat, H.A., Hasan, S.W.,2015. Recent advancements in forward osmosis desalination: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal. Vol. 281, pp:502-22.
   
   
   8. Hoek, E.M.V., Guiver, M., Nikonenko, V., Tarabara, V.V., Zydney, A.L.,2013. Membrane terminology, encyclopedia. Membrane Science Technology, PP:2219–28.
   
   
   9. Cath, T.Y., Childress, A.E., Elimelech, M.,2006. Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 281(1–2), pp:70-87.
   
   
   10. Zhao, S., Zou, L., Tang, C.Y., Mulcahy, D.,2012. Recent developments in forward osmosis: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 396, pp:1-21.
   
   
   11. Seppala, A., Lampinen, M.J.,2004. On the non-linearity of osmotic flow. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 28, pp:283–96.
   
   
   12. McCutcheon, J.R., McGinnis, R.L., Elimelech, M.,2006. Desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 278(1–2), pp:114-23.
   
   
   13. Kim, J., Jeong, K., Jun Park M., Ho, K.S., Joon, H.K.,2015. Recent advances in osmotic energy generation via pressure-retarded osmosis (pro): A review. Energies, Vol. 8, pp:11821-45.
   
   
   14. Qasim, M., Darwish, N.A., Sarp, S., Hilal, N., 2015. Water desalination by forward (direct) osmosis phenomenon: A comprehensive review. Desalination, Vol. 374, pp:47-69.
   
   
   15. Elimelech, M., Bhattacharjee, S.,1998. A novel approach for modeling concentration polarization in crossflow membrane filtration based on the equivalence of osmotic pressure model and filtration theory. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 145, pp:223–41.
   
   
   16. Sablani, S.S., Goosen, M.F.A., Al-Belushi, R., Wilf, M.,2001. Concentration polarization in ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis: A critical review. Desalination, Vol. 141, pp:269–89.
   
   
   17. Gruber, M.F., Johnson, C.J., Tang, C.Y., Jensen, M.H., Yde, L., Helix-Nielsen, C.,2011. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of flow and concentration polarization in forward osmosis membrane systems. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 379(1–2), pp:488-95.
   
   
   18. Nematzadeh, M., Samimi, A., Shokrollahzadeh, S.,2016. Application of sodium bicarbonate as draw solution in forward osmosis desalination: influence of temperature and linear flow velocity. Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 57, pp:20784-91.
   
   
   19. Song, L., Elimelech, M.,1995. Theory of concentration polarization in crossflow filtration. Journal of Chemical  Society Faraday Trans, Vol. 91, pp:3389–98.
   
   
   20. McCutcheon, J.R., Elimelech, M.,2007. Modeling water flux in forward osmosis: Implications for improved membrane design. AIChE Journal, Vol. 53, pp:1736–44.
   
   
   21. Mulder, M.,1996. Basic principles of membrane technology: Springer Science & Business Media;
   
   
   22. Su, J., Chung, T.S.,2011. Sublayer structure and reflection coefficient and their effects on concentration polarization and membrane performance in fo processes. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 376, pp:214–24.
   
   
   23. Gray, G.T., McCutcheon, J.R., Elimelech, M.,2006. Internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis: Role of membrane orientation. Desalination, Vol. 197, pp:1–8.
   
   
   24. Faghih Malek, R., Samimi, A., Shokrollahzadeh, S.,2015. »Internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis process for water desalination (a review)«. 15^th Iranian National Congress Of Chemical Engineering (ICHEC),Tehran, Iran, https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ICHEC15-ICHEC15_007.html.
   
   
   25. Zhao, S., Zou, L.,2011. Relating solution physicochemical properties to internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 379, pp:459–67.
   
   
   26. Klaysom, C., Cath, T.Y., Depuydt, T., Vankelecom, I.F.J.,2013. Forward and pressure retarded osmosis: Potential solutions for global challenges in energy and water supply. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, pp:6959-89.
   
   
   27. Lee, K.L., Baker, R.W., Lonsdale, H.K.,1981. Membranes for power generation by pressure-retarded osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 8(2), pp:141-71.
   
   
   28. Loeb, S., Titelman, L., Korngold, E., Freiman, J.,1997. Effect of porous support fabric on osmosis through a loeb–sourirajan type asymmetric membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 129, pp:243–9.
   
   
   29. Yip, N.Y., Tiraferri, A., Phillip, W.A.,2010. Schiffman, J.D., Elimelech, M., High performance thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 44(10), pp:3812-8.
   
   
   30. Phillip, W.A., Yong, J.S., Elimelech, M.,2010. Reverse draw solute permeation in forward osmosis: modeling and experiments. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 44(13), pp:5170-6.
   
   
   31. Tang, C.Y., She, Q., Lay, W.C.L., Wang, R., Fane, A.G.,2010. Coupled effects of internal concentration polarization and fouling on flux behavior of forward osmosis membranes during humic acid filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 354(1–2), pp:123-33.
   
   
   32. Li, W., Gao, Y., Tang, C.Y.,2011. Network modeling for studying the effect of support structure on internal concentration polarization during forward osmosis: Model development and theoretical analysis with fem. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 379, pp:307–21.
   
   
   33. Sagiv, A., Semiat, R.,2011. Inite element analysis of forward osmosis process using NaCl solutions. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 379, pp:86–96.
   
   
   34. Mathias, F.G., Ulf, A., Claus, H.,2016. Open-source CFD model for optimization of forward osmosis and reverse osmosis membrane modules. Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 158, pp:183–92.
   
   
   35. Pankaj, S., Sajikumar, N., Kaimal, R.,2016. Simulation of Forward Osmosis Using CFD. Procedia Technology, Vol. 24, pp:70-6.
   
   
   36. Jung, D.H., Lee, J., Kim, D.Y., Lee, Y.G., Park, M., Lee, S.,2011. Simulation of forward osmosis membrane process: Effect of membrane orientation and flow direction of feed and draw solutions. Desalination, Vol. 277, pp:83–91.
   
   
   37. Wei, J., Qiu, C., Tang, C.Y., Wang, R., Fane, A.G.,2011. Synthesis and characterization of flat-sheet thin film composite forward osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 372(1–2), pp:292-302.
   
   
   38. Ong, R.C., Chung, T.S., de Wit, J.S., Helmer, B.J.,2015. Novel cellulose ester substrates for high performance flat-sheet thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 473, pp:63-71.
   
   
   39. Han, G., Zhang, S., Li, X., Widjojo, N., Chung, T.S.,2012. Thin film composite forward osmosis membranes based on polydopamine modified polysulfone substrates with enhancements in both water flux and salt rejection. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 80, pp:219-31.
   
   
   40. Widjojo, N., Chung, T.S., Weber, M., Maletzko, C., Warzelhan, V.,2013. A sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone (sPPSU) as the supporting substrate in thin film composite (TFC) membranes with enhanced performance for forward osmosis (FO). Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 220, pp:15-23.
   
   
   41. Zhong, P., Fu, X., Chung, T.S,, Weber, M., Maletzko, C.,2013. Development of Thin-Film Composite forward Osmosis Hollow Fiber Membranes Using Direct Sulfonated Polyphenylenesulfone (sPPSU) as Membrane Substrates. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 47(13), pp:7430-6.
   
   
   42. Li, X., Wang, K.Y., Helmer, B., Chung, T.S.,2012. Thin-Film Composite Membranes and Formation Mechanism of Thin-Film Layers on Hydrophilic Cellulose Acetate Propionate Substrates for Forward Osmosis Processes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 51(30), pp:10039-50.
   
   
   43. Qin, J.J., Chen, S,. Oo, M.H., Kekre, K.A., Cornelissen, E.R., Ruiken, C.J.,2010. Experimental studies and modeling on concentration polarization in forward osmosis. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 61(11), pp:2897-904.
   
   
   44. Deshmukh, A., Yip, N.Y., Lin, S., Elimelech, M.,2015. Desalination by forward osmosis: Identifying performance limiting parameters through module-scale modeling. Journal of Membrane Science., Vol. 491, pp:159-67.