اثر پلاریزاسیون غلظتی در فرآیند شیرین‌سازی آب به روش اسمز مستقیم (مروری)

محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیست

محسن باهوش ¹ (دکتری مهندسی شیمی، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران.)
اسلام کاشی ² (استادیار پژوهشکده فناوری‌های شیمیایی، سازمان پژوهشهای علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران.)
سهیلا شکرالله زاده ³ (دانشیار پژوهشکده فناوری‌های شیمیایی، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/04/12 تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/08/04 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/03/01

کلید واژه: غشا, اسمز مستقیم, پلاریزاسیون غلظتی خارجی, نمک‌زدایی, پلاریزاسیون غلظتی داخلی,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: انرژی و آب دو عامل از مهم‌ترین عوامل چالش‌برانگیز هستند که بشر در هزاره سوم با آن‌ها مواجه است. در این میان روش‌های مختلفی برای نمک‌زدایی آب به‌کاربرده شده که ضمانت اجرایی و صنعتی شدن این روش‌ها، بهینه بودن آن‌ها ازلحاظ مصرف‌انرژی و داشتن بازده مناسب است. یکی از این روش‌ها، استفاده از فرآیند اسمزی است که خود به دو بخش اسمز معکوس و اسمز مستقیم تقسیم می‌شود. در حال حاضر، فرآیند اسمز معکوس به صورت وسیع در مقیاس صنعتی به‌کاربرده می شود. فرآیند اسمز مستقیم طی‌دهه‌اخیر موردتوجه قرارگرفته و در راه تجاری شدن با چالش‌های جدی مواجه است. ازجمله عوامل تأثیرگذار در فرآیند اسمز مستقیم می‌توان به: خواص محلول خوراک و محلول کِشنده (اسمزی)، پلاریزاسیون غلظتی، جهت غشا، گزینش‌پذیری و توانایی غشا در عدم عبور حل‌شونده‌های موجود در محلول‌های دو طرف غشا، ایجاد اختلاف فشار اسمزی بالا و قابلیت بازیابی آسان محلول کشنده، اشاره کرد. روش بررسی: در این مقاله پدیده پلاریزاسیون غلظتی، مدل های ریاضی حاکم بر آن و روش‌های کاهش آن به‌صورت مروری مورد‌مطالعه قرارگرفته است. یافته‌ها: راهکارهای مهمی برای کاهش پلاریزاسیون غلظتی، تغییر ساختار غشاء و بهینه سازی شرایط فرایندی و محلول کشنده توسط پژوهش‌گران موردبررسی قرارگرفته‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: با این‌که پلاریزاسیون غلظتی تأثیر مهمی بر کاهش شار آب عبوری از غشا دارد، به‌طوری‌که پلاریزاسیون غلظتی داخلی می‌تواند شار آب را تا حدود 80% شار آب عبوری اولیه کاهش دهد، ولی می‌توان با اتخاذ شرایط عملیاتی مناسب و بهینه‌سازی ساختار‌غشا آثار منفی آن ‌را کاهش داد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Energy and water are two of the most important challenging factors which human faces in the third millennium. Various methods of water desalination were employed that the applicability and industrialization of these methods are dependent on the optimization of the energy consumption and the appropriate efficiency. One of these methods is osmosis process that is divided into two sections: reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. Now, the reverse osmosis process is extensively used on industrial scale. The reverse osmosis process has more industrial applications than the forward osmosis. Currently, the forward osmosis process in commercialization path faces serious challenges. The factors that effect on the forward osmosis process include: properties of feed and draw solutions, concentration polarization, membrane orientation, selectivity and membrane ability to the rejection of solute on both sides of the membrane, creating a high osmotic pressure difference and easy regeneration capability of draw solution. Method: In this article an overview of concentration polarization, its mathematical models and its reduction methods are studied. Findings: The most important strategies proposed by researchers for reducing concentration polarization is changing the membrane structure and optimizing process conditions and draw solution. Discussion and Conclusion:  Although the concentration polarization has a significant influence on the control and reduction of the water flux to pass through the membrane, it can reduce the water flux up to 80% of the initial water flux but with using appropriate operating conditions and optimizing membrane structure, the neglect results of it can reduce.

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