تاثیر کمپوست کردن هوازی و بی‌هوازی بر حذف آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های انروفلوکساسین و سیپروفلوکساسین از کود مرغی
محورهای موضوعی :
پسماند
مهسا محمدزاده
1
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان)
فروزان قاسمیان رودسری
2
(استادیار گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم دانشگاه زنجان)
اکبر حسنی
3
(استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان)
عباسعلی زمانی
4
(استادیار گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان)
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/02/09
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/07/18
تاریخ انتشار : 1399/04/01
کلید واژه:
کود مرغی,
هضم هوازی و بی‌هوازی,
سینتیک تجزیه انروفلوکساسین,
انتشار آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها در محیط زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: بخش زیادی از آنتی بیوتیک های مورد استفاده در مرغداری ها از طریق فضولات آنها خارج می شود. این فضولات به عنوان کود آلی در کشاورزی استفاده شده و باعث انتشار آنتی بیوتیک های دامی در محیط زیست می شود. این ترکیب‌ها ممکن است سبب افزایش مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی جمعیت های میکروبی شود و یا به گیاهان رشد یافته در این خاک ها صدمه وارد کند. هدف از این پژوهش تعیین تاثیر کمپوست کردن کود مرغی به روش هوازی و بی هوازی بر مقدار آنتی بیوتیک های انروفلوکساسین و سیپروفلوکساسین موجود در کود مرغی در دو سطح غلظتی بالا و پایین و مقایسه آنها با یکدیگر بوده است.
روش بررسی: این آزمایش در سال 1396 انجام شد. دو نمونه کود مرغی گوشتی تازه پس از اتمام دوره تیمار مرغ ها با آنتی بیوتیک انروفلوکساسین تهیه شد. این دو نمونه محتوی دو سطح غلظتی بالا و پایین از انروفلوکساسین و سیپروفلوکساسین بودند. عملیات کمپوست نمودن کودهای مرغی به روش آماری کاملاً تصادفی و با تیمارهای 1- هوازی در سطح غلظتی پایین 2- هوازی در سطح غلظتی بالا 3- بی هوازی در سطح غلظتی پایین و 4- بی هوازی در سطح غلظتی بالا در پنج تکرار به مدت 75 روز انجام یافت. در فواصل زمانی مشخص نمونه ها تهیه شده و غلظت انروفلوکساسین و سیپروفلوکساسین در آنها به روش HPLC اندازه گیری شد. داده های به دست آمده با معادله سنتیکی درجه اول برازش شده و نیمه عمر تجزیه آنتی بیوتیک ها محاسبه شد.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که در پایان دوره، در تیمارهای یک تا چهار به ترتیب 2/54، 3/64، 3/65 و 7/69 در صد از انروفلوکساسین و 0/41، 8/57، 8/57 و 8/61 در صد سیپروفلوکساسین باقی مانده بود. ضریب همبستگی به دست آمده از برازش معادله سنتیکی درجه اول در تیمارها (بین 71/0 تا 92/0) نشان داد که داده های آزمایش به خوبی با این معادله برازش می شوند. نیمه عمر تجزیه انروفلوکساسین بین 27/96 تا 68/150 روز به دست آمد. مقدار نیمه عمر تجزیه برای سیپروفلوکساسین نیز بین 28/57 تا 48/117 روز به دست آمد.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: در مجموع نتایج نشان داد که فرایند کمپوست کردن موجب کاهش غلظت آنتی بیوتیک ها شده و از ورود آن به محیط زیست جلوگیری می کند. سرعت تجزیه آنتی بیوتیک ها در شرایط هوازی بیشتر از شرایط بی هوازی بود. نرخ تجزیه هر دو آنتی بیوتیک در غلظت اولیه بالا کمتر از نرخ تجزیه آن در غلظت پایین بود. نرخ تجزیه سیپروفلوکساسین نیز بیشتر از انروفلوکساسین بود. نتایج این پژوهش می تواند به ایجاد قوانین و مقررات مربوط در نهادهای مرتبط، در جهت کاهش ورود آنتی بیوتیک های دام و طیور به محیط زیست کمک کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Many of the antibiotics used in poultry farms are excreted in their feces. This waste is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and causes the release of animal antibiotics in the environment. These compounds may increase the antibiotic resistance of microbial populations or damage plants grown in these soils. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic and anaerobic poultry manure composting on the amount of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics in poultry manure at two levels of high and low concentration and compare them with each other.
Method: Two samples of fresh broiler chicken manure were prepared after the end of the chicken treatment with antibiotic enrofloxacin. The two samples contained two levels of high and low concentrations of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The composting of chicken manure was done using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments of 1- aerobic treatments at a low concentration, 2- aerobic treatments at high concentration 3- anaerobic treatments at low concentration 4- anaerobic treatments at a high concentration in five replicates in 75 days. Samples were prepared at specific intervals and the concentration of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin was measured by HPLC method. The obtained data were fitted with the first-order kinetic equation and the half-life of the antibiotic degradation was calculated.
Findings: The results showed that at the end of the period, in treatments 1 to 4, 54.2%, 64.3%, 65.3% and 69.7% of the Enrofloxacin and 41%, 57.8%, 57.8% and 61.8% Ciprofloxacin remained. The correlation coefficient (R2) obtained from the fitting of the first-order kinetic equation in treatments (from 0.71 to 0.92) showed that the data fit well with this equation. The half-life of the Enrofloxacin degradation was obtained between 96.27 and about 150.68 days. The half-life of degradation for Ciprofloxacin was also found to be between 57.28 and 117.48 days.
Discussion and Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that the process of composting reduced the concentration of antibiotics and prevented its entry into the environment. The rate and total amount of antibiotic degradation in aerobic conditions was higher than anaerobic. The rate of degradation of both antibiotics at a high initial concentration was lower than its rate of degradation at low concentrations. The rate of ciprofloxacin degradation was also higher than Enrofloxacin. The results of this study can help to create relevant laws and regulations in relevant institutions, in order to reduce the release of veterinary antibiotics into the environment.
منابع و مأخذ:
Aust, M.O., Godlinski, F., Travis, G.R., Hao, X., McAllister, T.A., Leinweber, P., Thiele-Bruhn, S., 2008. Distribution of sulfamethazine, chlortetracycline and tylosin in manure and soil of Canadian feedlots after subtherapeutic use in cattle. Environmental Pollution, 156(3), pp.1243-1251.
Kumar, K., Gupta, S.C., Chander, Y., Singh, A.K., 2005. Antibiotic use in agriculture and its impact on the terrestrial environment. Advances in agronomy, 87, pp.1-54.
Trouchon, T., Lefebvre, S.,2016. A review of enrofloxacin for veterinary use. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6(2), pp.40-58.
Thiele‐Bruhn, S., 2003. Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils–a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166(2), pp.145-167.
McKinney, C.W., Dungan, R.S., Moore, A., Leytem, A.B., 2018. Occurrence and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in agricultural soil receiving dairy manure. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 94(3)(in progress).
Migliore, L., Cozzolino, S., Fiori, M., 2003. Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enrofloxacin in crop plants. Chemosphere, 52(7), pp. 1233-1244.
Slana, M., Dolenc, M.S., 2013. Environmental risk assessment of antimicrobials applied in veterinary medicine—a field study and laboratory approach. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 35(1), pp.131-141.
Slana, M., Pahor, V., Cvitkovič Maričič, L., Sollner‐Dolenc, M., 2014. Excretion pattern of enrofloxacin after oral treatment of chicken broilers. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 37(6), pp.611-614.
Xu, W., Zhu, X., Wang, X., Deng, L., Zhang, G., 2006. Residues of enrofloxacin, furazolidone and their metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 254(1), pp.1-8.
Liu, H., Pu, C., Yu, X., Sun, Y., Chen, J., 2018. Removal of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones by industrial-scale composting and anaerobic digestion processes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, pp.1-10.
Slana, M., Žigon, D., Sollner-Dolenc, M., 2017. Enrofloxacin degradation in broiler chicken manure under field conditions and its residuals effects to the environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(15), pp.1-10.
Bao, Y., Zhou, Q., Guan, L., Wang, Y., 2009. Depletion of chlortetracycline during composting of aged and spiked manures. Waste Management, 29(4), pp.1416-1423.
Slana, M., Sollner-Dolenc, M., 2016. Enrofloxacin degradation in broiler chicken manure under various laboratory conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(5), pp.4422-4429.
Stone, J.J., Clay, S.A., Zhu, Z., Wong, K.L., Porath, L.R., Spellman, G.M., 2009. Effect of antimicrobial compounds tylosin and chlortetracycline during batch anaerobic swine manure digestion. Water research, 43(18), pp.4740-4750.
Selvam, A., Wong, J., 2017. Degradation of Antibiotics in Livestock Manure During Composting, In Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2017, Elsevier. pp.267-299.
Boesten, J., Aden, K., Beigel, C., Beulke, S., Dust, M., Dyson, J., et al. 2005. Guidance document on estimating persistence and degradation kinetics from environmental fate studies on pesticides in EU registration. The Final Report of the Work Group on Degradation Kinetics of FOCUS.Sanco/10058/2005, version 2.0 pp. 1–434.
Dolliver, H., Gupta, S., Noll, S., 2008. Antibiotic degradation during manure composting. Journal of environmental quality, 37(3), pp.1245-1253.
Ramaswamy, J., Prasher, S.O., Patel, R.M., Hussain, S.A., Barrington, S.F., 2010. The effect of composting on the degradation of a veterinary pharmaceutical. Bioresource Technology, 101(7), pp.2294-2299.
Ho, Y.B., Zakaria, M.P., Latif, P.A., Saari, N., 2013. Degradation of veterinary antibiotics and hormone during broiler manure composting. Bioresource technology, 131, pp.476-484.
Arikan, O.A., Mulbry, W., Rice, C., 2009. Management of antibiotic residues from agricultural sources: use of composting to reduce chlortetracycline residues in beef manure from treated animals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2-3), pp.483-489.
Kim, K.R., Owens, G., Kwon, S.I., So, K.H., Lee, D.B., Ok, Y.S., 2011. Occurrence and environmental fate of veterinary antibiotics in the terrestrial environment. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 214(1-4), 163-174.
Gagliano, G., McNamara, F., 1996. Environmental assessment for enrofloxacin BAYTRILÒ 3.23% concentrate antimicrobial solution. Guidel. 21CFR Part 25, pp.1-119.
Wetzstein, H., Schneider, S., Karl, W., 2002. Kinetics of the biotransformation of enrofloxacin in aging cattle dung. in 102nd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Salt Lake City, UT.
Moraru, R., Pourcher, A.M., Jadas-Hecart, A., Kempf, I., Ziebal, C., Kervarrec, M., et al. 2012. Changes in concentrations of fluoroquinolones and of ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in chicken feces and manure stored in a heap. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41(3), pp.754-763.
Chadwick, D.R., Chen, S., 2002. Manures, in Agriculture, hydrology and water quality, P.M. Haygarth and S.C. Jarris, Editors., CABI Publishing: Wallington, UK.
Hartlieb, N., Ertunc, T., Schaeffer, A., Klein, W., 2003. Mineralization, metabolism and formation of non-extractable residues of 14C-labelled organic contaminants during pilot-scale composting of municipal biowaste. Environmental Pollution, 126(1), pp.83-91.
Gavalchin, J., Katz, S.E., 1994. The persistence of fecal-borne antibiotics in soil. Journal of AOAC International (USA), 77, pp.481–485.
Selvam, A., Xu, D., Zhao, Z., Wong, J.W., 2012. Fate of tetracycline, sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone resistance genes and the changes in bacterial diversity during composting of swine manure. Bioresource technology, 126, pp.383-390.
Su, J.Q., Wei, B., Ou-Yang, W.Y., Huang, F.Y., Zhao, Y., Xu, H.J., et al. 2015. Antibiotic resistome and its association with bacterial communities during sewage sludge composting. Environmental science & technology. 49(12), pp.7356-7363.
Randhawa, G.K., Kullar, J.S., 2011. Bioremediation of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and petrochemicals with gomeya/cow dung. ISRN pharmacology.
Martens, R., Wetzstein, H.G., Zadrazil, F., Capelari, M., Hoffmann, P., Schmeer, N., 1996. Degradation of the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin by wood-rotting fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(11), pp.4206-4209.
Parshikov, I.A., Freeman, J.P., Lay, J.O., Beger, R.D., Williams, A.J., Sutherland, J.B., 2000. Microbiological transformation of enrofloxacin by the fungus Mucor ramannianus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(6), pp.2664-2667.
Sara, P., Michele, P.Maurizio, C., Luca, C., Fabrizio, A., 2013. Effect of veterinary antibiotics on biogas and bio-methane production. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 85, pp.205-209.
Mitchell, S., Ullman, J., Bary, A., Cogger, C., Teel, A., Watts, R., 2015. Antibiotic degradation during thermophilic composting. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 226(2), pp.13.
Yang, B., Meng, L., Xue, N., 2018. Removal of five fluoroquinolone antibiotics during broiler manure composting. Environmental technology, 39(3), pp.373-381.
Berg, B., McClaugherty, C., 2003. Plant litter. Springer.
Kim, K.R., Owens, G., Ok, Y., Park, W.K., Lee, D., Kwon, S.I., 2012. Decline in extractable antibiotics in manure-based composts during composting. Waste Management. 32(1), pp.110-116.
Prieto, A., Möder, M., Rodil, R., Adrian, L., Marco-Urrea, E., 2011. Degradation of the antibiotics norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin by a white-rot fungus and identification of degradation products. Bioresource technology, 102(23), pp.10987-10995.
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Aust, M.O., Godlinski, F., Travis, G.R., Hao, X., McAllister, T.A., Leinweber, P., Thiele-Bruhn, S., 2008. Distribution of sulfamethazine, chlortetracycline and tylosin in manure and soil of Canadian feedlots after subtherapeutic use in cattle. Environmental Pollution, 156(3), pp.1243-1251.
Kumar, K., Gupta, S.C., Chander, Y., Singh, A.K., 2005. Antibiotic use in agriculture and its impact on the terrestrial environment. Advances in agronomy, 87, pp.1-54.
Trouchon, T., Lefebvre, S.,2016. A review of enrofloxacin for veterinary use. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6(2), pp.40-58.
Thiele‐Bruhn, S., 2003. Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils–a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166(2), pp.145-167.
McKinney, C.W., Dungan, R.S., Moore, A., Leytem, A.B., 2018. Occurrence and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in agricultural soil receiving dairy manure. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 94(3)(in progress).
Migliore, L., Cozzolino, S., Fiori, M., 2003. Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enrofloxacin in crop plants. Chemosphere, 52(7), pp. 1233-1244.
Slana, M., Dolenc, M.S., 2013. Environmental risk assessment of antimicrobials applied in veterinary medicine—a field study and laboratory approach. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 35(1), pp.131-141.
Slana, M., Pahor, V., Cvitkovič Maričič, L., Sollner‐Dolenc, M., 2014. Excretion pattern of enrofloxacin after oral treatment of chicken broilers. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 37(6), pp.611-614.
Xu, W., Zhu, X., Wang, X., Deng, L., Zhang, G., 2006. Residues of enrofloxacin, furazolidone and their metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 254(1), pp.1-8.
Liu, H., Pu, C., Yu, X., Sun, Y., Chen, J., 2018. Removal of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones by industrial-scale composting and anaerobic digestion processes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, pp.1-10.
Slana, M., Žigon, D., Sollner-Dolenc, M., 2017. Enrofloxacin degradation in broiler chicken manure under field conditions and its residuals effects to the environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(15), pp.1-10.
Bao, Y., Zhou, Q., Guan, L., Wang, Y., 2009. Depletion of chlortetracycline during composting of aged and spiked manures. Waste Management, 29(4), pp.1416-1423.
Slana, M., Sollner-Dolenc, M., 2016. Enrofloxacin degradation in broiler chicken manure under various laboratory conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(5), pp.4422-4429.
Stone, J.J., Clay, S.A., Zhu, Z., Wong, K.L., Porath, L.R., Spellman, G.M., 2009. Effect of antimicrobial compounds tylosin and chlortetracycline during batch anaerobic swine manure digestion. Water research, 43(18), pp.4740-4750.
Selvam, A., Wong, J., 2017. Degradation of Antibiotics in Livestock Manure During Composting, In Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2017, Elsevier. pp.267-299.
Boesten, J., Aden, K., Beigel, C., Beulke, S., Dust, M., Dyson, J., et al. 2005. Guidance document on estimating persistence and degradation kinetics from environmental fate studies on pesticides in EU registration. The Final Report of the Work Group on Degradation Kinetics of FOCUS.Sanco/10058/2005, version 2.0 pp. 1–434.
Dolliver, H., Gupta, S., Noll, S., 2008. Antibiotic degradation during manure composting. Journal of environmental quality, 37(3), pp.1245-1253.
Ramaswamy, J., Prasher, S.O., Patel, R.M., Hussain, S.A., Barrington, S.F., 2010. The effect of composting on the degradation of a veterinary pharmaceutical. Bioresource Technology, 101(7), pp.2294-2299.
Ho, Y.B., Zakaria, M.P., Latif, P.A., Saari, N., 2013. Degradation of veterinary antibiotics and hormone during broiler manure composting. Bioresource technology, 131, pp.476-484.
Arikan, O.A., Mulbry, W., Rice, C., 2009. Management of antibiotic residues from agricultural sources: use of composting to reduce chlortetracycline residues in beef manure from treated animals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2-3), pp.483-489.
Kim, K.R., Owens, G., Kwon, S.I., So, K.H., Lee, D.B., Ok, Y.S., 2011. Occurrence and environmental fate of veterinary antibiotics in the terrestrial environment. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 214(1-4), 163-174.
Gagliano, G., McNamara, F., 1996. Environmental assessment for enrofloxacin BAYTRILÒ 3.23% concentrate antimicrobial solution. Guidel. 21CFR Part 25, pp.1-119.
Wetzstein, H., Schneider, S., Karl, W., 2002. Kinetics of the biotransformation of enrofloxacin in aging cattle dung. in 102nd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Salt Lake City, UT.
Moraru, R., Pourcher, A.M., Jadas-Hecart, A., Kempf, I., Ziebal, C., Kervarrec, M., et al. 2012. Changes in concentrations of fluoroquinolones and of ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in chicken feces and manure stored in a heap. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41(3), pp.754-763.
Chadwick, D.R., Chen, S., 2002. Manures, in Agriculture, hydrology and water quality, P.M. Haygarth and S.C. Jarris, Editors., CABI Publishing: Wallington, UK.
Hartlieb, N., Ertunc, T., Schaeffer, A., Klein, W., 2003. Mineralization, metabolism and formation of non-extractable residues of 14C-labelled organic contaminants during pilot-scale composting of municipal biowaste. Environmental Pollution, 126(1), pp.83-91.
Gavalchin, J., Katz, S.E., 1994. The persistence of fecal-borne antibiotics in soil. Journal of AOAC International (USA), 77, pp.481–485.
Selvam, A., Xu, D., Zhao, Z., Wong, J.W., 2012. Fate of tetracycline, sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone resistance genes and the changes in bacterial diversity during composting of swine manure. Bioresource technology, 126, pp.383-390.
Su, J.Q., Wei, B., Ou-Yang, W.Y., Huang, F.Y., Zhao, Y., Xu, H.J., et al. 2015. Antibiotic resistome and its association with bacterial communities during sewage sludge composting. Environmental science & technology. 49(12), pp.7356-7363.
Randhawa, G.K., Kullar, J.S., 2011. Bioremediation of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and petrochemicals with gomeya/cow dung. ISRN pharmacology.
Martens, R., Wetzstein, H.G., Zadrazil, F., Capelari, M., Hoffmann, P., Schmeer, N., 1996. Degradation of the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin by wood-rotting fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(11), pp.4206-4209.
Parshikov, I.A., Freeman, J.P., Lay, J.O., Beger, R.D., Williams, A.J., Sutherland, J.B., 2000. Microbiological transformation of enrofloxacin by the fungus Mucor ramannianus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(6), pp.2664-2667.
Sara, P., Michele, P.Maurizio, C., Luca, C., Fabrizio, A., 2013. Effect of veterinary antibiotics on biogas and bio-methane production. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 85, pp.205-209.
Mitchell, S., Ullman, J., Bary, A., Cogger, C., Teel, A., Watts, R., 2015. Antibiotic degradation during thermophilic composting. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 226(2), pp.13.
Yang, B., Meng, L., Xue, N., 2018. Removal of five fluoroquinolone antibiotics during broiler manure composting. Environmental technology, 39(3), pp.373-381.
Berg, B., McClaugherty, C., 2003. Plant litter. Springer.
Kim, K.R., Owens, G., Ok, Y., Park, W.K., Lee, D., Kwon, S.I., 2012. Decline in extractable antibiotics in manure-based composts during composting. Waste Management. 32(1), pp.110-116.
Prieto, A., Möder, M., Rodil, R., Adrian, L., Marco-Urrea, E., 2011. Degradation of the antibiotics norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin by a white-rot fungus and identification of degradation products. Bioresource technology, 102(23), pp.10987-10995.
