بهینه سازی شیوه تفکیک زمین در یک بلوک شهری در راستای کاهش دمای حیاط در تهران
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازیزهرا زمانی 1 , شاهین حیدری 2 , پیروز حناچی 3
1 - دانشگاه تهران
2 - استاد تمام دانشگاه تهران
3 - استاد تمام دانشگاه تهران (معاون وزیر راه و شهرسازی)
کلید واژه: حیاط سه طرفه, شیوه استقرار بنا در زمین, بلوک شهری, خرد اقلیم, حیاط میانی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: از آن‌جا که تعدیل شرایط اقلیمی فضای خارج از ساختمان بر فضای داخل ساختمان تاثیر گذار است، با ایجاد خرد اقلیم در مجاورت بنا می‌توان عملکرد حرارتی بنا را بهبود بخشید. در پژوهش حاضر با تغییر شیوه فعلی تفکیک زمین به صورتی که حِیاط های میانی چهار طرفه و سه طرفه در بلوک شهری ایجاد شود ارایه شده وتاثیر کاهش دما درحیاط‌های مذکور دریک بلوک شهری در اقلیم تهران مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و سپس با شیوه فعلی استقرار بنا دربلوک‌های شهری وضع موجود مقایسه شده است. روش بررسی:روش تحقیق در این پژوهش روش شبیه سازی با استفاده از نرم افزار انویمت است. یافته ها:طبق نتایج شبیه سازی به دست آمده از بلوک شهری مورد بررسی و مقایسه آن با دمای داخل کوچه دمای حیاط میانی در گرم‌ترین ساعت روز 31 تیر ماه 1/4 درجه سانتی‌گراد پایین تر از دمای کوچه می باشد. همچنین دما حیاط سه طرفه 2/3 درجه از دمای کوچه پایین‌تر است. نتایج حاصل از مدل‌سازی بلوک شهری وضع موجود نشان داد دمای کوچه و دمای حیاط تقریبا در یک محدوده قرار دارد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: می توان نتیجه گرفت حیاط میانی و حیاط 3طرفه موجود در بلوک شهری پیشنهادی در مجاورت بنا باعث کاهش دما می گردد. پژوهش های آینده می تواند به بهینه کردن عملکرد خرد اقلیمی حیاط های میانی در بلوک شهری پیشنهادی بپردازد و با اضافه کردن آب و گیاه عملکرد خرداقلیمی آن را بهبود بخشد.
Background and Objective: Since modifying the outdoor condition has an impact on the indoor conditions, the objective of the present research is how to create the microclimate in the vicinity of the urban block. So this study shows that if the arrangement of the location of the buildings and yards in an urban block is changed in the form of central courtyard, the microclimate will be achieved. At the end the proposed urban block will be compared with actual urban block. Method: analysis method is simulation method with Envi-Met software. Findings: according to the simulation results in central courtyard and three sided courtyard in urban block under study and comparing them with the temperature in the lateral street in the same time frame, the temperature of the courtyard in hottest time of the day was 4.1 °C less than that of the street and three sided courtyard was 3.02 °C less than the street. Moreover, comparing the results of the one sided yard in actual urban block showed that approximately the temperature of the yard was as the same as the street. Discussion and Conclusion: This study concluded that the central courtyard and the three sided courtyard in proposed urban block can act as a microclimatic modifier. Future research can improve the microclimatic role of the proposed urban block with water and plants.
- Karlessi, T., Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Assimakopoulos, D., Didaskalopoulos, P.,Apostolakis K., 2011. Development and testing of PCM doped cool colored coatings to mitigate urban heat island and cool buildings. Building and Environment, Vol.46, pp. 570- 576.
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- Santamouris, M., 2007. Heat island research in Europe- State of the art. Advances in Building Energy Research, Vol.1 pp. 50-123.
- Hassid, S., Santamouris, M., Papanikolaou, N., Linardi, A., Klitsikas, N., Georgakis, C., 2000.The effect of the Athens heat island on air conditioning load. Energy and Buildings,Vol.32, pp. 41-131.
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- Papadopoulos, A., 2001. The influence of street canyons on the cooling loads of buildings and the performance of air conditioning systems. Energy and Buildings, Vol.33, No.6, pp. 7-601.
- Kolokotroni, M., Zhang, Y., Giridharan, R., 2009. Heating and cooling degree day predictionwithin the London urban heat island area. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, Vol.30, No.3 pp.183-202.
- Ebrahimzade, J., 2001. Separation and division of urban lands, A series of educational resources for municipalities, pp. 21&22 (In Persian).
- Kolokotroni, M., Zhang, Y., Giridharan, R., 2009. Heating and cooling degree day predictionwithin the London urban heat island area. Building Services Engineering Research andTechnology ,Vol.30, No.3 pp.183-202.
- Swan, L., Ugursal, V., 2009. Modelling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modelling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, pp 1819–1835.
- Montavon, M., 2010. Optimisation of Urban Form by the Evaluation of the Solar Potential. [Online] Available from: http://0-dx.doi.org.innopac.up.ac.za/10.5075/epfl-thesis-4657.
- Steemers, K., Baker, N., Crowther, D., Dubiel, J., Nikolopoulou, M.H., Ratti, C., 1997. City texture and microclimate. Urban Design Studies, 3, pp 25-50.
- Ratti, C., Raydan, D., Steemers, K., 2003. Building form and environmental performance: archetypes, analysis and an arid climate. Energy and Buildings, 35(1), pp 49-59.
- Haapio, A., 2012. Towards sustainable urban communities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 32(1), pp 165-169.
- Littlefair, P., 1998. Passive solar urban design: ensuring the penetration of solar energy into the city. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,Vol 2(3), pp 303-326.
- Littlefair, P., 2001. Daylight, sunlight and solar gain in the urban environment. Solar Energy, 70(3), pp 177-185.
- Okeil, A., 2010. A holistic approach to energy efficient building forms. Energy and Buildings, Vol 42(9), p 143.
- Forghani, D., Sheibani, M., 2010. The role of the central courtyard in the formation of traditional Kashan houses, 23, pp.47 (In Persian).
- Taban, M., et al. 2013. Determining the optimal model of the courtyard in the traditional housing of Dezful based on the analysis of the received shadow of different surfaces of the courtyard, 27, pp. 40&41.
- OLIVIERI, F., VIDAL, P., GUERRA, R., CHANAMPA, M., GARCÍA, J., BEDOYA, C., 2012. Green Façades for Urban Comfort Improvement Implementation in an extreme Continental Mediterranean climate, PLEA, 2012 - 28th Conference, Opportunities, Limits & Needs Towards an environmentally responsible architecture Lima, Perú, pp 7-9.
- Rajabi, T, Abu-Hijleh, 2014. The Study of Vegetation Effects on Reduction of Urban Heat Island in Dubai, World SB 4 Barcelona, Barcelona.
- Alonso, L, R. Carabaño, M. Chanampa, J. García, M.C. Hernández-Martínez, J. Orondo, D. Ruíz, M. del Alba v. de la Rosa, P. Vidal, A. García-Santos, F. Olivieri, and C. Bedoya,2012.Definition and Study of an Innovative Façade System Made of Independent Pre-vegetated and Water Storage Modules, VI International Congress on Architectural Envelopes June, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Taleghani, M., Tenpierik, M., Dobbelsteen, A., Sailor, D, 2014. Heat in courtyards: A validated and calibrated parametric study of heat mitigation strategies for urban courtyards in the Netherlands. Solar Energy, Vol. 103, pp108–124.
- Mahmoodi, A., et al. 2010. Considering design effect on outdoor thermal comfort of residential complexes: case study: third Phase of Ekbatan residential complex, Journal Fine Art- Architecture and Urban design, p. 59 (In Persian).
- Azmoodeh, M., 2016. The effect of green wall on air pollution reduction case study: Tehran. Phd Thesis, University of Tehran, p. 123 (In Persian).
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- Karlessi, T., Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Assimakopoulos, D., Didaskalopoulos, P.,Apostolakis K., 2011. Development and testing of PCM doped cool colored coatings to mitigate urban heat island and cool buildings. Building and Environment, Vol.46, pp. 570- 576.
- Rahnamaee, M., Shah hoseini, P., 2007. Urban planning process, Samt, Tehran (In Persian).
- Santamouris, M., 2007. Heat island research in Europe- State of the art. Advances in Building Energy Research, Vol.1 pp. 50-123.
- Hassid, S., Santamouris, M., Papanikolaou, N., Linardi, A., Klitsikas, N., Georgakis, C., 2000.The effect of the Athens heat island on air conditioning load. Energy and Buildings,Vol.32, pp. 41-131.
- Ihara, T., Genchi, Y., Sato, T., Yamaguchi, K., Endo, Y., 2008. City-block-scale sensitivity of electricity consumption to air temperature and air humidity in business districts of Tokyo. Japan. Energy, Vol.33, No.11 pp. 45-1634.
- Papadopoulos, A., 2001. The influence of street canyons on the cooling loads of buildings and the performance of air conditioning systems. Energy and Buildings, Vol.33, No.6, pp. 7-601.
- Kolokotroni, M., Zhang, Y., Giridharan, R., 2009. Heating and cooling degree day predictionwithin the London urban heat island area. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, Vol.30, No.3 pp.183-202.
- Ebrahimzade, J., 2001. Separation and division of urban lands, A series of educational resources for municipalities, pp. 21&22 (In Persian).
- Kolokotroni, M., Zhang, Y., Giridharan, R., 2009. Heating and cooling degree day predictionwithin the London urban heat island area. Building Services Engineering Research andTechnology ,Vol.30, No.3 pp.183-202.
- Swan, L., Ugursal, V., 2009. Modelling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modelling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, pp 1819–1835.
- Montavon, M., 2010. Optimisation of Urban Form by the Evaluation of the Solar Potential. [Online] Available from: http://0-dx.doi.org.innopac.up.ac.za/10.5075/epfl-thesis-4657.
- Steemers, K., Baker, N., Crowther, D., Dubiel, J., Nikolopoulou, M.H., Ratti, C., 1997. City texture and microclimate. Urban Design Studies, 3, pp 25-50.
- Ratti, C., Raydan, D., Steemers, K., 2003. Building form and environmental performance: archetypes, analysis and an arid climate. Energy and Buildings, 35(1), pp 49-59.
- Haapio, A., 2012. Towards sustainable urban communities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 32(1), pp 165-169.
- Littlefair, P., 1998. Passive solar urban design: ensuring the penetration of solar energy into the city. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,Vol 2(3), pp 303-326.
- Littlefair, P., 2001. Daylight, sunlight and solar gain in the urban environment. Solar Energy, 70(3), pp 177-185.
- Okeil, A., 2010. A holistic approach to energy efficient building forms. Energy and Buildings, Vol 42(9), p 143.
- Forghani, D., Sheibani, M., 2010. The role of the central courtyard in the formation of traditional Kashan houses, 23, pp.47 (In Persian).
- Taban, M., et al. 2013. Determining the optimal model of the courtyard in the traditional housing of Dezful based on the analysis of the received shadow of different surfaces of the courtyard, 27, pp. 40&41.
- OLIVIERI, F., VIDAL, P., GUERRA, R., CHANAMPA, M., GARCÍA, J., BEDOYA, C., 2012. Green Façades for Urban Comfort Improvement Implementation in an extreme Continental Mediterranean climate, PLEA, 2012 - 28th Conference, Opportunities, Limits & Needs Towards an environmentally responsible architecture Lima, Perú, pp 7-9.
- Rajabi, T, Abu-Hijleh, 2014. The Study of Vegetation Effects on Reduction of Urban Heat Island in Dubai, World SB 4 Barcelona, Barcelona.
- Alonso, L, R. Carabaño, M. Chanampa, J. García, M.C. Hernández-Martínez, J. Orondo, D. Ruíz, M. del Alba v. de la Rosa, P. Vidal, A. García-Santos, F. Olivieri, and C. Bedoya,2012.Definition and Study of an Innovative Façade System Made of Independent Pre-vegetated and Water Storage Modules, VI International Congress on Architectural Envelopes June, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Taleghani, M., Tenpierik, M., Dobbelsteen, A., Sailor, D, 2014. Heat in courtyards: A validated and calibrated parametric study of heat mitigation strategies for urban courtyards in the Netherlands. Solar Energy, Vol. 103, pp108–124.
- Mahmoodi, A., et al. 2010. Considering design effect on outdoor thermal comfort of residential complexes: case study: third Phase of Ekbatan residential complex, Journal Fine Art- Architecture and Urban design, p. 59 (In Persian).
- Azmoodeh, M., 2016. The effect of green wall on air pollution reduction case study: Tehran. Phd Thesis, University of Tehran, p. 123 (In Persian).