تغییرات شاخص های رشدی وآناتومی گیاه اسفناج (Spinacia oleracea L.) تحت تنش شوری
محورهای موضوعی : زیست شناسی سلولی تکوینی گیاهی و جانوری ، تکوین و تمایز ، زیست شناسی میکروارگانیسملاله احمدی 1 , الهام محجل کاظمی 2 * , هانیه محجل شجا 3 , مریم کلاهی 4
1 - گروه علوم گیاهی، سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
2 - گروه علوم گیاهی، سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
3 - گروه علوم گیاهی، سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
4 - گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.
کلید واژه: اسفناج, شوری, ویژگی¬های تشریحی , روزنه,
چکیده مقاله :
شوری خاک ناشی از یون‌های کلرید سدیم، نوعی تنش غیرزیستی است که به طور منفی بر جنبه‌های مختلف رشد و توسعه گیاه تأثیر می‌گذارد. اسفناج، عضوی از خانواده آمارانتاسه، حساسیت متوسطی به شوری دارد و به عنوان منبعی غنی از ویتامین‌ها و مواد معدنی شناخته می‌شود. در این مطالعه، گیاهچههای اسفناج به مدت ۲۱ روز با غلظت‌های مختلف نمک (۰، ۵۰، ۱۵۰، ۲۵۰ و ۳۵۰ میلی‌مولار NaCl) تحت تیمار قرار گرفتند و تأثیر آن‌ها بر ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیکی و آناتومیکی این گیاه بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که تنش شوری به طور معنی‌داری شاخص تحمل طول گیاه و شاخص تحمل وزن گیاه را با افزایش شوری کاهش داد، در حالی که افزایش جزیی در شاخص تحمل وزن گیاه در غلظت‌های ۵۰ و ۱۵۰ میلی‌مولار NaCl مشاهده شد. علاوه بر این، قطر ریشه، قطر ناحیه آوندی ریشه، ضخامت کورتکس ریشه، قطر ساقه، قطر آوندهای چوبی ساقه، قطر رگبرگ میانی برگ و قطر آوند چوبی برگ با افزایش شوری کاهش یافتند. در غلظت‌های ۵۰ و ۱۵۰ میلی‌مولار NaCl، تغییرات معنی‌داری در ساختار بافت‌های اسفنجی و نردبانی مشاهده نشد، اما در غلظت‌های ۲۵۰ و ۳۵۰ میلی‌مولار NaCl، ضخامت بافت نردبانی افزایش و ضخامت بافت اسفنجی کاهش یافت. تعداد روزنه‌های سطح زیرین و رویی برگ‌ها در غلظت‌های ۵۰ و ۱۵۰ میلی‌مولار NaCl افزایش یافت، اما در سطوح شوری بالاتر کاهش پیدا کرد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که این تغییرات ممکن است بر عملکردهای فیزیولوژیکی این گیاه تأثیر بگذارد و مقاومت به شوری را افزایش دهد.
Soil salinization with sodium chloride ions is an abiotic stress that affects adversely many aspects of growth and development in plants. Spinach (Amaranthaceae family) moderately sensitive to salinity, is also a rich source of vitamins and minerals. In this study, spinach seedlings were irrigated with NaCl solutions at concentrations of 0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 mM for 21 days, followed by morphological and anatomical analyses. The results indicated that salinity stress significantly reduced plant length tolerance index and plant weight index with increasing salinity, while a nonsignificant increase in the plant weight index was observed at 50 and 150 mM NaCl. Moreover, root diameter, root stele diameter, root cortex thickness, stem diameter, xylem vessel diameter of the stem, diameter of the leaf midvein, and xylem vessel diameter within the midvein were reduced by increasing salinity. The spongy and palisade tissues did not show significant change at 50 and 150 mM NaCl, but at 250 and 350 mM NaCl, the thickness of the palisade tissue increased, while that of spongy tissue decreased. It also significantly increased the number of abaxial and adaxial stomata on the leaves at 50 and 150 mM NaCl, .but higher levels of salinity reduced these further. Our results suggest that these changes may affect the plant's physiological functions and enhance salinity resistance
منابع Acosta-Motos JR, Penella C, Hernández JA, Díaz-Vivancos P, Sánchez-Blanco MJ, Navarro JM, Gómez-Bellot MJ, Barba-Espín G. Towards a sustainable agriculture: Strategies
involving phytoprotectants against salt stress. Agronomy. 2020 Feb 1;10(2):194.
Yadav S, Irfan M, Ahmad A, Hayat S. Causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt stress: a review. J. Environ. Biol. 2011 Sep 1;32(5):667.
Safdar H, Amin A, Shafiq Y, Ali A, Yasin R, Shoukat A, Hussan MU, Sarwar MI. A review: Impact of salinity on plant growth. Nat. Sci. 2019;17(1):34-40.
Okon OG. Effect of salinity on physiological processes in plants. Microorganisms in saline environments: strategies and functions. 2019:237-62.
Tavakkoli E, Fatehi F, Coventry S, Rengasamy P, McDonald GK. Additive effects of Na+ and Cl–ions on barley growth under salinity stress. J Exp Bot. 2011 Mar 1;62(6):2189-203. Feng X, Hussain T, Guo K, An P, Liu X. Physiological, morphological and anatomical responses of Hibiscus moscheutos to non-uniform salinity stress. Environ Exp Bot. 2021 Feb
1;182:104301. Robin AH, Matthew C, Uddin MJ, Bayazid KN. Salinity-induced reduction in root surface area and changes in major root and shoot traits at the phytomer level in wheat. J Exp
Bot. 2016 Jun 1;67(12):3719-29.
Ramezani E, Sepanlou MG, Badi HA. The effect of salinity on the growth, morphology and physiology of Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(44):8765-73.
Akcin TA, Akcin A, Yalcın E. Anatomical changes induced by salinity stress in Salicornia freitagii (Amaranthaceae). Braz J Bot. 2017 Dec;40:1013-8. Boughalleb F, Denden M, Tiba BB. Anatomical changes induced by increasing NaCl salinity in three fodder shrubs, Nitraria retusa, Atriplex halimus and Medicago arborea.
Acta Physiol Plant. 2009 Sep;31:947-60.
Hu Y, Fromm J, Schmidhalter U. Effect of salinity on tissue architecture in expanding wheat leaves. Planta. 2005 Apr;220:838-48.
Ribera A, van Treuren R, Kik C, Bai Y, Wolters AM. On the origin and dispersal of cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Genet Resour Crop Ev. 2021 Mar;68:1023-32. Amin H, Arain BA, Amin F, Surhio MA. Analysis of growth response and tolerance index of Glycine max (L.) Merr. under hexavalent chromium stress. Advancements in Life
Sciences. 2014 Aug 25;1(4):231-41.
Berlyn GP, Miksche JP. Botanical microtechnique and cytochemistry. 1976 Jan 1.
Słomka A, Gubernat M, Pliszko A, Bothe H. The unusual property of the sand violet, Viola rupestris, to cope with heavy metal toxicity. Flora. 2020 Oct 1;271:151663. Zhu J, Yu Q, Xu C, Li J, Qin G. Rapid estimation of stomatal density and stomatal area of plant leaves based on object-oriented classification and its ecological trade-off strategy
analysis. Forests. 2018 Oct 8;9(10):616. Paul V, Pandey R, Anand A. Manual of ICAR Sponsored Training Programme for Technical Staff of ICAR Institutes on Physiological Techniques to Analyze the Impact of Climate
Change on Crop Plants. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). 2017. Narsing Rao MP, Dong ZY, Xiao M, Li WJ. Effect of salt stress on plants and role of microbes in promoting plant growth under salt stress. Microorganisms in saline environments:
strategies and functions. 2019:423-35. Shrivastava P, Kumar R. Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2015 Mar
1;22(2):123-31. Yu X, Liang C, Chen J, Qi X, Liu Y, Li W. The effects of salinity stress on morphological characteristics, mineral nutrient accumulation and essential oil yield and composition in
Mentha canadensis L. Sci Hortic. 2015 Dec 14;197:579-83. Petretto GL, Urgeghe PP, Massa D, Melito S. Effect of salinity (NaCl) on plant growth, nutrient content, and glucosinolate hydrolysis products trends in rocket genotypes. Plant
Physiol Bioch. 2019 Aug 1;141:30-9. Bano S, Iqbal S, Naqvi B, Abbasi K, Siddiqui K, Sattar H, Aman A. Antioxidant enzymes and germination pattern: upshot of high salinity on soluble protein and average weight of
Spinacia oleracea (spinach) seedlings. Asian Food Science Journal. 2021 Mar 20;20(3):112-22. Muchate NS, Rajurkar NS, Suprasanna P, Nikam TD. NaCl induced salt adaptive changes and enhanced accumulation of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the in vitro shoot cultures of
Spinacia oleracea (L.). Sci Rep-UK. 2019 Aug 29;9(1):12522.
Kim BM, Lee HJ, Song YH, Kim HJ. Effect of salt stress on the growth, mineral contents, and metabolite profiles of spinach. J Sci Food Agr. 2021 Jul;101(9):3787-94. Hameed MA, Ashraf MU, Naz N, Al-Qurainy F. Anatomical adaptations of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. from the Salt Range Pakistan to salinity stress. I. Root and stem anatomy.
Pak. J. Bot. 2010 Jan 1;42(1):279-89. Terletskaya N, Duisenbayeva U, Rysbekova A, Kurmanbayeva M, Blavachinskaya I. Architectural traits in response to salinity of wheat primary roots. Acta Physiol Plant. 2019
Sep;41(9):157. Akcin TA, Akcin A, Yalcin E. Anatomical adaptations to salinity in Spergularia marina (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India
Section B: Biological Sciences. 2015 Jun;85:625-34. Alam MA, Juraimi AS, Rafii MY, Abdul Hamid A. [Retracted] Effect of Salinity on Biomass Yield and Physiological and Stem‐Root Anatomical Characteristics of Purslane (Portulaca
oleracea L.) Accessions. BioMed research international. 2015;2015(1):105695.
Hasana R, Miyake H. Salinity stress alters nutrient uptake and causes the damage of root and leaf anatomy in maize. KnE Life Sciences. 2017 Jul 11:219-25. Nassar RM, Kamel HA, Ghoniem AE, Alarcón JJ, Sekara A, Ulrichs C, Abdelhamid MT. Physiological and anatomical mechanisms in wheat to cope with salt stress induced by
seawater. Plants. 2020 Feb 12;9(2):237. Yuan Y, Zhong M, Shu S, Du N, He L, Yuan L, Sun J, Guo S. Effects of exogenous putrescine on leaf anatomy and carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
under salt stress. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015 Sep;34:451-64. Garrido Y, Tudela JA, Marín A, Mestre T, Martínez V, Gil MI. Physiological, phytochemical and structural changes of multi‐leaf lettuce caused by salt stress. J Sci Food Agr. 2014
Jun;94(8):1592-9.
Corti E, Falsini S, Schiff S, Tani C, Gonnelli C, Papini A. Saline stress impairs lipid storage mobilization during germination in eruca sativa. Plants. 2023 Jan 12;12(2):366.
Parida AK, Das AB, Mittra B. Effects of salt on growth, ion accumulation, photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of the mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora. Trees. 2004 Mar;18:167-74.
Ergin N, Kaya MD. Changes in stomatal properties of safflower cultivars under salinity. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture. 2023 Jun 3;6(3):246-53. Peel JR, Mandujano Sánchez MC, López Portillo J, Golubov J. Stomatal density, leaf area and plant size variation of Rhizophora mangle (Malpighiales: Rhizophoraceae) along a
salinity gradient in the Mexican Caribbean. Revista de Biología Tropical. 2017 Jun;65(2):701-12. Yan HO, Shah SS, Zhao W, Liu FU. Variations in water relations, stomatal characteristics, and plant growth between quinoa and pea under salt-stress conditions. Pak J Bot. 2020
Feb 1;52(1):1-7. Solmaz İ, Sari N, Dasgan Y, Aktas H, Yetisir H, Unlu H. The effect of salinity on stomata and leaf characteristics of dihaploid melon lines and their hybrids. Journal of Food,
Agriculture and Environment. 2011 Jul 1;9(3&4):172-6. Shabala S, Hariadi Y, Jacobsen SE. Genotypic difference in salinity tolerance in quinoa is determined by differential control of xylem Na+ loading and stomatal density. J Plant
Physiol. 2013 Jul 1;170(10):906-14. Kwon OK, Mekapogu M, Kim KS. Effect of salinity stress on photosynthesis and related physiological responses in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Horticulture, Environment,
and Biotechnology. 2019 Dec;60:831-9. Yarsi G, Sivaci A, Dasgan HY, Altuntas O, Binzet R, Akhoundnejad Y. Effects of salinity stress on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and stomata size of grafted and ungrafted
galia C8 melon cultivar. Pak. J. Bot. 2017 Jan 1;49(2):421-6.