ارزیابی اثرات تنش شوری بر فتوسنتز و فلورسانس کلروفیل a در گیاه جو
محورهای موضوعی : زیست شناسی سلولی تکوینی گیاهی و جانوری ، تکوین و تمایز ، زیست شناسی میکروارگانیسم
کلید واژه: تنش شوری, جو, فتوسنتز, PI, فلورسانس کلروفیل a, Fv/Fm,
چکیده مقاله :
شوریخاکوآبآبیاریازمهم ترینعواملمحدودکنندهتولیدگیاهانزراعیدرمناطقخشکونیمهخشکدنیااست. باتوجهبهافزایشروز افزونشوریآبوخساراتناشیازآنبرتولیداتگیاهی،بررسیاثراتشوریبرگیاهانزراعیوشناساییارقاممقاوم،امری مهممی باشد.برای بررسی اثر شوری بر کارایی فتوسنتزی رقم های جو، گیاهچه های رقم های دشت، سهند، لیسیوی و صحرا در محیط هیدروپونیک کشت شده و با غلظت های مختلف شوری نمک کلریدسدیم(50 و 100 میلی مولار) تیمار شدند. پارامتر های مختلف کینتیک القایی فلورسانس کلروفیل a شامل F0، Fm، Fv/Fm، Area، PI، DI/RC، RC/CS، TR/ABS و DI/ABSو میزان رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی اندازه گیری شد. تمامی رنگیزه ها پس از تیمار با شوری کاهش یافتند که بیشترین کاهش در رقم سهند مشاهده شد. با افزایش تنش، فلورسانس کلروفیل aدر رقم های مورد مطالعه افزایش یافت و کارایی دستگاه فتوسنتزی را بطور معنی داری کاهش داد. در تنش شوری پارامترهای F0، Fm و Area افزایش یافت و از شاخص کارایی فتوسنتزی (PI) کاسته شد. نسبت Fv/Fm که شاخصی برای تاثیر تنش ها بر گیاهان می باشد کاهش یافت که کمترین کاهش در رقم دشت مشاهده شد. همچنین تعداد مراکز واکنش فعال و مقدار انرژی به دام افتاده توسط دستگاه فتوسنتزی رقم های جو کاهش یافت که این امر موجب افزایش هدر رفت انرژی در مراکز واکنش فتوسیستم II گردید. در بین رقم های مورد مطالعه رقم دشت بسیار اندک تحت تاثیر تنش شوری قرار گرفت در حالی که رقم سهند بسیار به تنش حساس بود و کارایی فتوسنتز آن مختل شد.
The salinity of Irrigation water and soil is one of the most important factors that limit crop production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Due to the increase in water salinity and its damages on plant production, evaluation of salinity effects on crop plants and identifying of resistant varieties, is very important. In order to study the effects of salt stress on photosynthetic efficiency of barley cultivars, the seedlings of Dasht, Sahand, Lisivy and Sahracultivares were grown in Hoagland solution and treated with various concentration (50 and 100 mM) of NaCl. Various parameters of Chl a fluorescence induction kinetics include F0, Fm, Fv/Fm, Area, PI, DI/RC, RC/CS, TR/ABS, and DI/ABS and fluorescence pigments was measured. All pigments decreased after salinity treatment in barley cultivars. The highest decrease was observed in Sahand cultivar. Salinity caused increasing of Chl fluorescence in all barley cultivares and efficiency of photosynthesis system was decreased significantly. The F0, Fm, and Area parameter decreased in salt stress whereas performance index (PI) decreased. The Fv/Fmratio that is known as an index for stress tolerance of plants was decreased. The lowest decrease observed in Dasht cultivar. Also the number of active reaction centers and trapped radiation via photosynthesis system decreased in barley cultivars and caused increase in wasting of energy in photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers. Our results clearly showed that Dasht cultivar had the highest salt tolerance compare with the other three.
[1] Apostolova E. L., Dobricova A. G., Ivanova P. I., Petkanchin I. B., Taneva S. G. 2006, Relationship between the organization of the supercomplex and the function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 83: 114-122.
[2] Ashraf M., Azmi A. R., Khan A. H., Ala S. A. 1994, Effect of water stress on total phenols, peroxidase activity and chlorophyll content in wheat. ActaPhysiologiaePlantarum, 16: 185-191.
[3] Baker N. R., Rosenqvist E. 2004, Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: an examination of future possibilities. Experimental Botany, 55(403): 1607-1621.
[4] Bissati K. E., Delphin E., Murata N., Etienne A. L., Kirilovsky D. 2000, photosystem II flouresence quenching in cyanobacterriumSynechocystis PCC6803: involvement of two different mechanisms. BiochemicaetBiophysicaActa, 1457: 229-242.
[5] Bjorkman O., Demmig B. 1987, Photon yield of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77K among vascular plants of diverse origins. Planta, 170: 489-504.
[6] Boisvert S., Joly D., Carpentier R. 2006, Quantitative analysis of the experimental O-JI- P chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics, Apparent activation energy and origin of each kinetic step. FEBS Journal, 273: 4770–4777.
[7] Bort J., Araus J. L., Hazzam H., Grando S., Ceccarelli S. 1998, Relationships between early vigour, grain yield, leaf structure and stable isotope composition in field grown barley. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 36: 889-897.
[8] Briggs D. E. 1978, The origin and classification of barleys. In Barley. Chapman andHall, London, Halsted press. Book. John wiley and sons, New York. Pp: 76-88.
[9] Congming L. u., Vonshak A. 2002, Effects of salinity stress on photosystem II function in cyanobacterialSpirulinaplatensis cells. Journal of Physiological Plantarum, 114: 405-413.
[10] FAO. 2010. Land and plant nutrition management service. http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush.
[11] Goncalves J. F. C., Santos U. M. Nina A., Chevreuil L. R. 2007, Energetic flux and performance index in copaiba (Copaiferamultijuge) and mahogany (Swieteniamacrophylla) seedling grown under two irradiance environments. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 19: 171-184.
[12] Govindjee. 1995, Sixty-three years since Kautsky: chlorophyll a fluorescence. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22: 131-160.
[13] Hoagland D. R., Arnon D. L. 1938, The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. University of California. Circular. Pp: 347.
[14] Jiang Q., Roche D., Monaco T. A., Durham S. 2006, Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and carbon isotope discrimination of 14 barley genetic lines in response to salinity. Field Crop Research, 96: 269–278.
[15] Joly D., Essemine J., Carpentier R. 2010, Redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in wild-type and mutants leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana: Impact on photosystem fluorescence. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 98: 180–187.
[16] Kalaji H. M., Loboda T. 2007. Photosystem II of barley seedlings under cadmium and lead stress. Plant Soil Environment, 53: 511-516.
[17] Kruk J., Czytko H. H., Oettmeier W., Trebest A. 2005, Tocopherol as singlet oxygen scavenger in photosystem II. Plant Physiology, 162: 749-757.
[18] Lazar D. 2003, chlorophyll a flouresence rise indused by high light illumination of dark adapted plant tissue studied by means of photosystem II and considering photosystem II heterogeneity. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 220: 469-503.
[19] Li R., Guo P., Baum M., Grande S., Ceccarelli S. 2006, Evaluation of chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters as indicators of drought tolerance in barley. Agricultural Science of China, 5: 751-757.
[20] Lichtenthaler H. K. 1987, Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148: 350-382.
[21] Lu C. M., Vonshak A. 2002, Effect of salinity stress on photosystem II function in cyanobacterialspirolinaplatensis cells. Physiological Plantarum, 114: 405-413.
[22] Mahajan S., Tuteja N. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stressed: an overview. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 444: 139-158.
[23] Mishra A. N., Serivastava A., Strasser R. J. 2001, Utilization of fast chlorophyll a technique in assessing the salt/ion sensivity of mung been and brassica seedlings. Journal of plant physiology, 158: 1173-1181.
[24] Moisender P. H., McClinton E., Paerl H. W. 2002, Salinity effects on growth, photosynthetic parameters, and nitrogenase activity in estuarine planktonic cyanobacteria. Microbiol Ecology, 43: 432-442.
[25] Molassiotis A.N., Sotiropoulos T., Tanou G., Kofidis G., Diamantidis G. Therios I. 2006, Antioxidant and anatomical responses in shoot culture of the apple rootstock MM 106 treated with NaCl, KCl,mannitiol or sorbitol. BiologiaPlantarum, 50(1): 61-68.
[26] Munns R., James R. A. 2003, Screening methods for salinity tolerance: a case study with tetraploid wheat. Plant Soil, 253: 201–218.
[27] Netondo G. W., Onyango J. C., Beck E. 2004, Sorghum and salinity: II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum under salt stress. Crop Plant Science, 44: 806–811.
[28] Orcutt D. M., Nilsen E.T. 2000, The physiology of plants under stress, soil and biotic factors. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp: 177-235.
[29] Oukarroum A., El Madidi S., Schansker G., Strasser R. J. 2007, Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeumvulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP under drought stress and re-watering . Environmental and Experimental Botany, 60: 438-446.
[30] Parida A. K., Das A. B. 2005, Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants. A review, cotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60: 324-349.
[31] Rajesh A., Arumugam R., Venkatesalu V. 1998, Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of CeriopsRoxburghiana under NaCl Stress. Photosynthetica, 35(2): 285-287.
[32] Ramzi B., Morales F., Abadia A., Gomez J., Abadia J. 1994, Chlorophyll flouresence as a possible tool for salinity tolerance screening in barley (Hordeumvulgare L.). Plant Physiology, 104: 667-673.
[33] Sairam R. K., Veerabhadra Rao K., Serivastava G. C. 2002, Differentioal response wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science, 163: 1037-1046.
[34] Sheekh-El M. M., Omar H. H. 2002, Effect of high salt stress on growth and fatty acids content of the unicellular green algae Chlorella vulgaris. American Journal of Microbiology, 55: 181-191.
[35] Silva C., Martinez V., Carvajal M. 2008, Osmotic versus toxic effects of NaCl on pepper plants. BiologiaPlantarum, 52(1): 72-79.
[36] Song N. H., yin X. L., Chen G. F., Yang H. 2007, Biological response of wheat plants to the herbicide chlorotoluronion soils. Chemosphere, 68: 1779-1787.
[37] Strasser R. G., Stirbet A. D. 2001, Estimation of the energetic connectivity of PSII centers in plant using the flouresence rise O-J-I-P fitting of experimental data to three different PSII models. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 56: 451-461.
[38] Strasser R. J. 1981, Structure and Molecular Organisation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus, Balaban International Science Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pp: 727–737.
[39] Strasser R. J., Srivastava A., Tsimilli-Michael M. 2000, The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. In: Yunus, M., Pathre, U., Mohanty, P. (Eds.), Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanisms, Regulation and Adaptation. Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 445–483.
[40] Tsimilli M., Eggenberg P., Biro B., Koves K., voros I., Strasser R. J. 2000, Synergistuc and antagonistic effects of arbuscularmycorrizal fungi and Azospirillum and Rhizobium nitrogen-fixer on the photosynthetic activity alfalfa, probed by the polyphasicchlorophull a flouresence transient O-J-I-P. Applied Soil Ecology, 15: 169-182.
[41] Xia J., Li Y., Zou D. 2004, Effect of salinity stress on PSII in Ulvalactuca as probed by chlorophyll flouresence measurements. Aquatic Botany, 80: 129-137.
[42] Zhu X. G., Govindje e. Baker N., deSturler E., Ort D., Long S. 2005, Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics in leaves predicted from a model describing each discrete step of excitation energy and electron transfer associated with photosystem II. Planta, 223: 114-133.
_||_