Evaluation Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi (AM) and Nano Zinc Oxide on Seed Yield and Dry Matter Remobilization of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salinity Stress
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Nutrition ScienceRaouf Seyed Sharifi 1 , Razieh Khalilzadeh 2 , Soraya Soltanmoradi 3
1 - Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 - Ph.D Student (Crop Physiology), University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
3 - M.Sc. graduate (Agronomy), University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Keywords: Nutrition, Chlorophyll index, Agro-Physiological traits,
Abstract :
This research was carried out to assessment agro physiological traits of bread wheat affected salinity stress, Nano zinc oxide and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi under greenhouse condition via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experimental factors included salinity stress in three levels [no-salt (S0) or control, salinity 40 (S1), and 80 (S2) mM NaCl], Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at two level [no application (M0), application of arbuscular mycorrhiza (M1)] and nano zinc oxide at three levels [without nano zinc oxide as control (Zn0), application of 0.4 (Zn1) and 0.8 (Zn2) g.lit-1]. Result of analysis of variance showed effect of soil salinity, AM fungi and nano zinc oxide on dry matter remobilization from stem and shoots, contribution of remobilization from shoots to seed, stem reserve contribution in seed yield, chlorophyll index and seed yield was significant at 1% probability level. Also interaction effect of treatments on measured traits was not significant but effect of salinity, AM fungi and nano zinc oxide on seed yield was significant at 5% probability level. Mean comparison result revealed salinity stress decreased seed yield and chlorophyll index of wheat. But dry matter remobilization from shoots increased. The highest dry matter (0.198, 0.195 and 0.194 g per plant) and stem reserves remobilization to seeds (0.177, 0.175 and 0.177 g per plant) were observed in the highest salinity level and no application of AM fungi and nano zinc oxide, respectively. The results indicated that the highest (0.44 g per plant) seed yield was obtained from plants under low salinity level, AMF and 0.8 g.lit-1 nano zinc oxide. Generally, it was concluded that AM fungi and nano zinc oxide can be as a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under salinity condition.
Abdel Latef, A. A. and H. Chaoxing. 2011. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, mineral nutrition, antioxidant enzymes activity and fruit yield of tomato grown under salinity stress. J. Sci. Hortic. 127: 228-233.
Abdel-Fattah, G. M. and A. A. Asrar. 2012. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal application to improve growth and tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown in saline soil. J. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34: 267–277.
Al-Halafi, A. M. 2014. Nano carriers of nanotechnology in retinal diseases. Saudi J. Ophthalmology. 28(4): 304-309.
Ali, Z., S. Abdus, M. A. Faqir. and A. K. Iftikhar. 2007. Genotypic variation in salinity tolerance among spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions. South Af. J. Bot. 73: 70–75.
Aroca, R., J. M. Ruiz-Lozano, A. Zamarreno, J. A. Paz, J. M. Garcia-Mina, M. J. Pozo. and J. A. Lopez-Raez. 2013. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis influences strigolactone production under salinity and alleviates salt stress in lettuce plants. J. Plant Physiol. 170: 47–55.
Azcón, R. and J. M. Barea. 2010. Mycorrhizosphere interactions for legume improvement. In: M. S. Khanf, A. Zaidi, J. Musarrat, editors. Microbes for legume improvement. Vienna. Springer Pub. p. 237–71.
Balashouri, P. and Y. Prameeladevi. 1995. Effect of zinc on germination, growth, pigment content and phytomass of Vigna radiata and Sorghum bicolor. J. Eco-Biol. 7: 109-114.
Bernstein, L. 1963. Osmotic adjustment of plant to saline media. Dynamic Phase. Am. J. Bot. 48: 909-918.
Bidinger, F., R. B. Musgrave. and R. A. Fischer. 1977. Contribution of stored pre-anthesis assimilate to seed yield in wheat and barley. Nature.J. 270: 431-3.
Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal seeds with zinc: agronomic or genetic bio-fortification? Plant and Soil. 302: 1-17.
Cakmak, H. 1997. Differential response of rye, triticale, bread and durum wheat to zinc deficiency in calcareous soils. Plant and Soil.188(1): 1-10.
Dimkpa, C., T. Weinand. and F. Ash. 2009. Plant-rhizobacteria interactions alleviate abiotic stress conditions. Plant Cell Environ. 32: 1682–1694.
Ehdaie, B., G. A. Alloush. and J. G. Waines. 2008. Genotypic variation in linear rate of seed growth and contribution of stem reserves to seed yield in wheat. Field Crops Research. 106: 34-43.
El-Tayeb, M. A. 2005. Response of barley seeds to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regular. 45: 215–224.
Flood R. G., R. J. Martin. and W. K. Gardner. 1995. Dry matter accumulation and partitioning and its relationship to seed yield in wheat. Australian J. Exp. Agri. 35: 495-502.
Gobarah, A., E. Mirvat, M. H. Mohamed and M. M. Tawfik. 2006. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer and foliar spraying with zinc on growth, yield and quality of groundnut under reclaimed sandy soils. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(8): 491-496.
Hajiboland, R., A. Aliasgharzadeh, S. F. Laiegh. and C. Poschenrieder. 2010. Colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves salinity tolerance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Plant Soil. 331: 313–327.
Inoue, T., S. Inanaga, Y. Sugimoto, P. An. and A. E. Eneji. 2004. Effect of drought on ear and flag leaf photosynthesis of two wheat cultivars differing in drought resistance. Photosynthetica. 42: 559-565.
Iqbal, M. and M. Ashraf. 2013. Alleviation of salinity-induced perturbations in ionic and hormonal concentrations in spring wheat through seed preconditioning in synthetic auxins. Acta Physiol. Plant. 35: 1093–1112.
Jifon, J. L., J. P. Syvertsen. and E. Whaley. 2005. Growth environment and leaf anatomy affect nondestructive estimates of chlorophyll and nitrogen in citrus sp leaves. J. Am. Soc. Horticultural Sci. 130: 152–158.
Kadian, N, K. Yadav, N. Badda. and A. Aggarwal. 2013. Application of arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi in improving growth and nutrient of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub under saline soil. Intl. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 4: 2796–2805.
Murkute, A. A, S. Sharma. and S. K. Singh. 2006. Studies on salt stress tolerance of citrus rootstockgenotypes with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. J. Hortic. Sci. 33: 70-76.
Pan, J., Y. Zhu, D. Jiang, T. B. Dai, Y. X. Li. and W. X. Cao. 2006. Modeling plant nitrogen uptake and seed nitrogen accumulation in wheat. Field Crop Res. 97: 322-336.
Potarzycki, J. and W. Grzebisz. 2009. Effect of zinc foliar application on seed yield of maize and its yielding components. Plant Soil Environment. 55 (12): 519-527.
Przuli, N. and V. Momcilovic. 2003. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and use in spring barley. Plant, Soil and Environ. 49(1): 36-47.
Reddy, A. R., K. V. Chaitany. and M. D. Vivekanandan. 2004. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J. Plant Physiol. 161: 1189-1202.
Sharma, P. N, N. Kumar. and S. S. Bisht. 1994. Effect of zinc deficiency on chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and water relations of cauliflower plants. Photosynthetica 30: 353-359.
Sharma, V., R. K. Shukla, N. Saxena, D. Parmar, M. Das. and A. Dhawan. 2009. DNA damaging potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human epidermal cells,” Toxicology Letters. 185(3): 211–218.
Sheng, M., M. Tang, H. Chen, B. Yang, F. Zhang. and Y. Huang. 2008. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on photosynthesis and water status of maize plants under salt stress. Mycorrhiza. 18: 287–296.
Talaat, N. B. and B. T. Shawky. 2011. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on yield, nutrients, organic solutes, and antioxidant enzymes of two wheat cultivars under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 174: 283-291.
Tambussi, E. A., J. Bort, J. J. Guiamet, S. Nogués. and J. L. Araus. 2007. The photosynthetic role of ears in C3 cereals: metabolism, water use efficiency and contribution to seed yield. Critical Reviews in Plant Sci. 26: 1-16.
Teixeira, I. R. 2004. Manganese and zinc leaf application on common bean grown on a Cerrado soil. J. Scientia Agricola. 61(1): 77-81.
Vivas, A., A. Marulanda, J. M. Ruiz-Lozano, J. M. Barea. and R. Azcon. 2003. Influence of a Bacillus sp. on physiological activities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and on plant responses to PEG-induced drought stress. Mycorrhiza. 13: 249–256.
Wang, H. Q. and L. T. Xiao. 2009. Effects of chlorocholine chloride on phyto-hormones and photosynthetic characteristics in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J. Plant Growth Regulation. 28: 21-27.
Wang, X., C. J. Summers. and Z. L. Wang. 2004. Large-scale hexagonal-patterned growth of aligned ZnO nanorods for nano-optoelectronics and nano sensor arrays. Nano Letters. 4(3): 423-426.
Yang, J. C., J. H. Zhang, K. Liu, Z. Q.Wang. and L. J. Liu. 2006. Abscisic acid and ethylene interact in wheat seeds in response to soil drying during seed filling. New Phytology. J.171(2): 293-303.
Zarrouk, O., Y. Gogorcena, J. Gomez-Aparisi, J. A. Betran. and M. A. Moreno. 2005. Influence of Almond peach hybrids root stocks on flower and leaf mineral concentration, yield, vigor of two peach cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae. 106: 502-514.
Zheng, Y., Z. Wang, X. Sun, A. Jia, G. Jiang. and Z. Li. 2008. Higher salinity tolerance cultivars of winter wheat relieved senescence at reproductive stage. J. Environ. Exp. Bot. 62: 129–138.
Zozi, T., F.Steineri, R. Fey, D. Dalazen Castagnara. and E. Pereira Seidel. 2012. Response of wheat to foliar application of zinc. Ciencia Rural. Santa Maria. 42(5): 784-787.