Evaluation Morphological Characteristics and Mineral Nutrients Content of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Affected Soil Application of Nitrogen and Iron Fertilizers
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Ezatollah Esfandiari
1
(Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box: 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran.)
Majid Abdoli
2
(Young Researchers and Elite Club, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.)
Rana Taheri
3
(Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box: 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran.)
Keywords: Copper, Plant height, Manganese, Shoot dry weight,
Abstract :
This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil application of nitrogen (N) and iron (Fe) fertilizers on morphological traits and shoot mineral contents of bread wheat via factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The factors included three level of nitrogen (100, 200 and 400 mg N kg-1 dry soil applied) as Ca(NO3)2 and three rate of Iron (No iron, Fe EDTA and FeSO4, ap-plied at the rate of 10 mg Fe kg-1 soil). The results of the present study show that shoot fresh matter production and plant height was significantly enhanced by increasing N supply at each Fe treatment. So that, application of 400 mg N kg-1 soil has the greatest effect on shoot fresh matter production and plant height. Compared with the control treatment, which did not receive extra N fertilizer, N fertilization at 200 and 400 mg kg-1 were decreased shoot Fe, copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentration as well as shoot zinc (Zn) and Cu content in wheat. The mean shoot Fe concentrations were 246.9, 247.3 and 314.9 mg kg-1 in control, Fe EDTA and FeSO4 treatments, respectively. Also, the effect of FeSO4 on shoot zinc (Zn), Fe and Mn concentrations and also shoot Zn and Cu contents were higher than that of Fe EDTA. In generally, the higher shoot concentration and content of mineral nutrients were observed on the FeSO4 treatment in 100 mg N kg-1 soil and the lower these traits were observed on the treatment of no Fe at all of soil N supply. Application of Fe fertilizer, in combination with optimum N fertilization or other agronomic practices that can increase mineral nutrients in shoot and seed of wheat (especially Zn and Fe), is required to produce improved seed quality for human health.
Aciksoz, S. B., A. Yazici, L. Ozturk. and I. Cakmak. 2011. Bio-fortification of wheat with iron through soil and foliar application of nitrogen and iron fertilizers. J. Plant Soil. 349: 215-225.
Alam, S., S. Kamei. and S. Kawai. 2001. Effect of iron deficiency on the chemical composition of the xylem sap of barley. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 47: 643-649.
Arif, M., M. A. Chohan, S. Ali, R. Gul. and S. Khan. 2006. Response of wheat to foliar application of nutrients. J. Agric. Bio. Sci. 1(4): 30-34.
Berg, W. A., M. E. Hodges. and E. G. Krenzer. 1993. Iron deficiency in wheat grown on the Southern plains. J. Plant Nut. 16: 1241-1248.
Cakmak, I., W. H. Pfeiffer. and B. McClafferty. 2010. Bio-fortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. J. Cereal Chem. 87: 10-20.
Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal seeds with zinc: Agronomic or genetic bio-fortification? J. Plant Soil. 302: 1-17.
Chapman, H. D. and P. F. Pratt. 1961. Methods of Analysis for Soil, Plant and Water. Riverside, CA: Division of Agriculture Science. University of California. USA.
De Santiago, A. and A. Delgado. 2006. Predicting iron chlorosis of Lupinus albus L. in calcareous Spanish soils from various iron extracts. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70: 1945-1950.
Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Bio-Metrics. J. 11(1): 1-42.
Erdal, U., K. Kepenek. and U. Kizilgoz. 2004. Effect of foliar iron applications at different growth stages on iron and some nutrient concentrations in strawberry cultivars. Turk. J. Agric. 28: 421-427.
Fernandez, V., V. Rio, J. Abadia. and A. Abadia. 2006. Foliar iron fertilization of peach (Prunus persica L.): effects of iron compounds, surfactants and other adjuvants. J. Plant Soil. 289: 239-252.
Fraga, C. G. 2005. Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Mol. Aspects Med. 26: 235-244.
Franzen, D. W. and J. L. Richardson. 2000. Soil factors affecting iron chlorosis of soybeans in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. J. Plant Nut. 23: 67-78.
Gao, X. and C. A. Grant. 2011. Interactive effect of N fertilization and tillage management on Zn bio-fortification in durum wheat (Triticum durum L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 951-960.
Genc, Y., G. K. McDonald. and R. D. Graham. 2000. Effect of seed zinc content on early growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under low and adequate soil zinc supply. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51(1): 37-45.
Ghafari, H. and J. Razmjoo. 2015. Response of durum wheat to foliar application of varied sources and rates of iron fertilizers. J. Agri. Sci. Tech. 17: 321-331.
Ghasemi-Fasaei, R. and A. Ronaghi. 2008. Interaction of iron with copper, zinc, and manganese in wheat as affected by iron and manganese in a calcareous soil. J. Plant Nut. 31(5): 839-848.
Ghasemi-Fasaei, R., A. Ronaghi, M. Maftoun, N. Karimian. and P. N. Soltanpour. 2003. Influence of Fe EDDHA on iron-manganese interaction in soybean genotypes in a calcareous soil. J. Plant Nut. 26: 1815-1823.
Ghasemi-Fasaei, R., A. Ronaghi, M. Maftoun, N. Karimian. and P. N. Soltanpour. 2005. Iron-manganese interaction in chickpea as affected by foliar and soil application of iron in a calcareous soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36: 1717-1725.
Goos, R. J. and B. E. Johnson. 2000. A comparison of three methods for reducing iron-deficiency chlorosis in soybean. Agron. J. 92: 1135-1139.
Hotz, C. and K. H. Brown. 2004. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food Nut. Bull. 25: 94-204.
Huber, D. M. and I. A. Thompson. 2007. Nitrogen and plant disease. pp. 31-44. In: Datnoff, L. E., W. H. Elmer. and D. M. Huber (Eds.). Mineral nutrition and plant dis-ease, St. Paul, MN: The American Phyto-pathological Society.
Joshi, A. K., J. Crossa, B. Arun, R. Chand, R. Trethowah M. Vargas. and I. Ortiz-Monasterio. 2010. Genotype × environment interaction for zinc and iron concentration of wheat seed in eastern Genetic plain of India. Field Crops Res. 116: 268-277.
Karaman, M. R., A. R. Brohi, A. Inal. and S. Taban. 1997. Effect of iron and zinc applications on growth and on concentration of mineral nutrients of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in artificial siltation soils. Turk. J. Agric. 23: 341-348.
Kennedy, G., G. Nantel. and P. Shetty. 2003. The scourge of hidden hunger: global dimensions of micronutrient deficiencies. J. Food Nut. Agric. 32: 8-16.
Khan, P., M. Y. Memon, M. Imtiaz. and M. Aslam. 2009. Response of wheat to foliar and soil application of urea at different growth stages. Pak. J. Bot. 41(3): 1197-1204.
Kutman, U. B., B. Yildiz. and I. Cakmak. 2011. Effect of nitrogen on uptake, remobilization and partitioning of zinc and iron throughout the development of durum wheat. J. Plant Soil. 342: 149-164.
Kutman, U. B., B. Yildiz, L. Ozturk. and I. Cakmak. 2010. Bio-fortification of durum wheat with zinc through soil and foliar applications of nitrogen. J. Cereal Chem. 87: 1-9.
Liben, M., A. Assefa. and T. Tadesse. 2005. The response of bread wheat to nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer at different agro-ecologies of North Western Ethiopia. Proc. 12th Regional Wheat Workshop for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Kenya. pp: 315-319.
Lidon, F. C. 2002. Micro nutrients uptake and translocation in Mn-treated rice. J. Plant Nut. 25: 757-768.
Lindsay, W. L. and W. A. Norvell. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428.
Maret, W. and H. H. Sandstead. 2006. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 20: 3-18.
Morgounov, A., H. F. Gomez-Becerra, A. Abugalieva, M. Dzhunusova, M. Yessim-bekova, H. Muminjanov, Y. Zelenskiy, L. Ozturk. and I. Cakmak. 2007. Iron and zinc seed density in common wheat grown in Central Asia. J. Euphytica. 155: 193-203.
MSTATC. Version 2.10. 1989. Michigan State Univ. MI; MSDOS.
OMS-WHO. 2009. Micro nutrient deficiencies. Available at: http: //www. wpro.who.int/health_topics/micro nutrient deficiencies/.
Rashid, A. and J. Ryan. 2004. Micronutrient constraints to crop production in soils with Mediterranean-type characteristics. J. Plant Nut. 27: 959-975.
Rodriguez-Lucena, P., L. Apaolaza Hernandez. and J. J. Lucena. 2010. Comparison of iron chelates and complexes supplied as foliar sprays and in nutrient solution to correct iron chlorosis of soybean. J. Plant Soil Sci. 173: 120-126.
Roomizadeh, S. and N. Karimian. 1996. Manganese-iron relationship in soybean grown in calcareous soils. J. Plant Nut. 19: 397-406.
Sanchez-Raya, A. J., A. Leal, M. Gomez-Ortega. and L. Recalde. 1974. Effect of iron on the absorption and translocation of manganese. J. Plant Soil. 41: 429-434.
Shi, R., Y. Zhang, X. Chen, Q. Sun, F. Zhang, V. Romheld. and C. Zou. 2010. Influence of long term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in seed of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Cereal Sci. 51: 165-170.
Welch, R. M. and R. D. Graham. 2004. Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 353-364.
Ylivainio, K., A. Jaakkola. and R. Aksela. 2004. Effects of Fe compounds on nutrient uptake by plants grown in sand media with different pH. J. Plant Nut. Soil Sci. 167: 602-608.
Zadoks, J. C., T. T. Chang. and C. F. Konzak. 1974. A decimal code for growth stages of cereals. J. Weed Res. 14: 415-421.
Zeidan, M. S., F. Manal. and H. A. Hamouda. 2010. Effect of foliar fertilization of Fe, Mn and Zn on wheat yield and quality in low sandy soils fertility. World J. Agric. Sci. 6: 696-699.
Zhao, F. J., Y. H. Su, S. J. Dunham, M. Rakszegi, Z. Bedo, S. P. McGrath. and P. R. Shewry. 2009. Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in seed of wheat lines of diverse origin. J. Cereal Sci. 49: 290-295.