Assess Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Super Absorbent Ploymer on Crop Production and Growth Indices of Corn under Dry and Warm Climate Condition
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Mahshid Kazempor
1
(Msc. Graduated, Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Saeid Zakernejad
2
(Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Keywords: Maize, Stress, Polyacrylamide, <i>Alternate furrow irrigation, Yield.</i>,
Abstract :
BACKGROUND: Polyacrylamide is the main synthetic polymer used, and it absorbs water through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) can absorb water up to 200-400 times its weight and increase its size by up to 100 times. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate effect of different irrigation regime and super absorbent polymer on agrophysiological traits of maize. METHODS: This study was done via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design during 2016 with three replications. The main factor included irrigation regimes (M1: Conventional irrigation or control, M2: Alternate furrow irrigation from 4 leaves stage until silk emergence and after conventional, M3: Normal irrigation until silk emergence and after alternate furrow irrigation). Three level of super absorbent polymer (S1: non use of SAP, S2: 25 kg.ha-1, S3: 50 kg.ha-1 SAP) belonged to the sub factor. RESULT: Result of analysis of variance indicated effect of different irrigation regime and SAP on seed yield, biologic yield and harvest index was significant at 1% probability level also interaction effect of treatments on measured traits (instead harvest index) was significant. Mean comparison result of different irrigation regime revealed the maximum amount of seed yield (5670 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (1401 gr.m-2), harvest index (40.47%), total dry weight (1800 gr.m-2), leaf area index (4.95), crop growth rate (39 gr.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (8.5 gr.m-2.day-1) and relative growth rate (0.15 gr. gr-1.day-1) was obtained for M1 and minimum of mentioned traits was for M2 treatment. Compare different level of SAP showed that the maximum amount of seed yield, biologic yield, harvest index and growth indices belonged to S3 treatment also the lowest amount of measured traits were for S1 treatment. Assessment mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments indicated maximum seed yield (6300 kg.ha-1) and biologic yield (1456 gr.m-2) was noted for M1S3 and lowest amount of measured traits belonged to M2S1 treatment. CONCLUSION: Generally between different deficient irrigation treatments M3 treatment had highest amount in total dry matter, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, biologic yield, seed yield and harvest index, so in water stress situation M3 treatment with use 50 kg.ha-1 SAP it can be advice to farmers.
Abedi, T. and H. Pakniyat. 2010. Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech J. Genetics Plant Breed. 46: 27-34.
Ahmed-Amal, O. and B. Mekki. 2005. Yield components of two maize hybrids as in-fluenced by water deficit during different growth stages. Egypt J. Appl Sci. 20: 64-79.
Ahmed, E. M. 2015. Hydrogel, preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. J. Adv. Res. 6(2): 105-121.
Allah Dadi, A. and B. Moazzan Qamsari. 2005. Investigating the effect of different levels super absorbent and irrigation regime on growth and yield of corn (Zea may L.). Proc. 3th Educational Period of Agricultural and Industrial Application of Super Absorbent Hyrouzel. Tehran. Iran. (Abstract in English)
Aslam, M., M. S. I. Zamir, I. Afzal, M. Yaseen, M. Mubeen. and A. Shoaib. 2013. Drought stress, its effect on maize production and development of drought tolerance through potassium application. Cercetari Agron. Moldova. J. 2(154): 99-114.
Barker, D. M., S. R. Raine. and M. J. Robertson. 1997. A Preliminary investigation of alternate furrow irrigation for sugar cane production. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Tech. 20: 302-309.
Bonnett, G. D. and L. D. Incoll. 1992. Effects on the stem of winter barley of manipu-lating the source and sink during grain filling changes in the composition of water-soluble carbohydrates of internodes. J. Exp. Bot. 44: 75- 82.
Boomsma, C. R. and T. J. Vyn. 2008. Maize drought tolerance: Potential improvements through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Field Crops Res. 108: 14–31.
Boudjabi, S., M. Kribaa. and H. Chenchouni. 2015. Growth, physiology and yield of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) treated with sewage sludge under water stress conditions. EXCLI J. 14: 320-334.
Buttery, B. R. 1970. Effect of variation in leaf area index on the growth of maize and soybean. Crop Sci. 10: 9-13.
Dwyer, L. M. and D. W. Stewart. 1986. Leaf area development in field-grown maize. Agron. J. 78: 334–343.
Efeoğlu, B., Y. Ekmekçi. and N. Çicek. 2009. Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery. South African J. Bot. 75(1): 34–42.
Enyi, B. A. C. 1962. Comparative growth rates of upland and swamp rice varieties. Ann. Bot. 26: 467-487.
Fallahi, H. R., R. Taherpour Kalantari, M. Aghhavani-Shajari. and M. Gh. Soltanzadeh. 2015. Effect of super absorbent polymer and irrigation deficit on water use efficiency, growth and yield of cotton. Not Sci. Biol. 7(3): 338-344.
Fazelirostampour, M., M. Yarnia. and F. Rahimzadehkoee. 2012. Effect of polymer and irrigation regimes on dry matter yield and several physiological traits of forage sorghum. African J. Bio-Tech. 11: 10834-10840.
Fazeli Rostampour, M., M. Yarnia, F. Rahimzadeh Khoee, M. J. Seghatoleslami. and G. R. Moosavi. 2013. Physiological response of forage sorghum to polymer under water deficit conditions. Agron. J. 105(4): 951-959.
Gardner, F., R. Pearce. and R. L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State Univ. Press. Ames.
Ghobadi, R. and A. S. Shirkhani. 2011. Effect of different levels of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on corn yield. 1st Natl. Conf. Modern Topics in Agri. IAU Saveh Branch. Saveh. Iran. (Abstract in English)
Graterol, Y. E., D. E. Eisenhauer. and R. W. Elmore. 1993. Alternate-furrow irrigation for soybean production. Agric. Water Manage. J. 24: 133-145.
Hassani, A. and R. Omid Beigi. 2002. Effects of water stress on morphological, physiological, metabolic characteristics of basil. J. Agric. 12(3): 47-59.
Hassanzadeh, A. and A. Farajzadeh MemarTabrizi. 2016. Ecophysiological evaluation of three maize cultivars at different level of irrigation and super absorbent application. Crop Eco-Physiol. J. 37(1): 151-166. (Abstract in English)
Hung, S. H., C. W. Yu. and C. H. Lin. 2005. Hydrogen peroxide functions as a stress signal in plants. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. 46: 1-10.
Islam, M. R., X. Xue, S. Mao, X. Zhao, A. E. Eneji. and Y. Hu. 2011a. Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) enhance efficient and eco-friendly production of corn (Zea mays L.) in drought affected areas of northern China. Afr. J. Biotech. 10(24): 4887-4894.
Islam, M. R., Y. Hu, Ch. Fei, X. Qian, A. E. Eneji. and X. Xue. 2011b. Application of superabsorbent polymer: A new approach for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in drought-affected areas of northern China. J. Food. Agric. Environ. 9(1): 304-309.
Joshanirad, M., R. Sohrabi, F. Dawa. and B. Amiri. 2013. The effect of super absorbent hydrogel and humic acid spraying on some agro-ecological traits of Sorghum in Mashhad. Agro-Ecol. J. 3(2): 71-90. (Abstract in English)
Kang, S., Z. Liang, Y. Pan, P. Shi. and J. Zhang. 2000a. Alternate furrow irrigation for maize production in an arid area. Agric. Water Manage. J. 45: 267-274.
Kang, S. Z., P. Shi, Y. H. Pan, Z. S. Liang, X. T. Hu. and J. Zhang. 2000b. Soil Wa-ter distribution uniformity and water use efficiency under alternative furrow irrigation. Irri. Sci. 19(4): 181-190.
Khalili Mahalleh, J., H. Heidari Sharif Abad, Gh. Nourmohammadi, F. Darvish, I. Majidi Haravan. and I. Valizadegan. 2011. Effect of superabsorbent polymer (Tara-wat A 200) on forage yield and some qualitative characters in corn under deficit Irriga-tion condition in Khoy zone. Adv. Environ. Biol. 5(9): 2579-2587. In: Nazarli, H., M. R. Zardashti, R. Darvishzadeh. and S. Najafi, 2010. Effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower. Not Sci. Biol. 2(4): 53-58.
Khodadadi Dehkordi, D., H. Kashkuli, A. Naderi, S. A. Shamsnia. 2013. Evaluation of Superabsorbent super A 200 on three corn growth factors affected by drought stress in spring and summer weather conditions in Khuzestan. Adv. Environ. Biol. 7(6): 1064-1073.
Kohestani, Sh., N. Askari. and K. Maghsoudi. 2009. Assessment effects of super ab-sorbent hydro gels on corn yield (Zea mays L.) under drought stress condition. Iranian Water Res. J. 3(5): 71-78. (Abstract in English)
Lauer, J. 2003. What happens within the corn plant when drought occurs. Corn Agronomist. 10(22): 153-155.
Mailhol, J. C., P. Ruelle. and I. Nemeth. 2001. Impact of fertilisation practices on ni-trogen leaching under irrigation. Irri. Sci. J. 20: 139-147.
Marshal, J., M. Mata, J. Del-Campo, A. Arbones, X. Vallverdu, J. Girona. and N. Olivo. 2008. Evaluation of partial root-zone drying for potential field use as a deficit irrigation technique in commercial vineyards according to two different pipeline lay-outs. Irri. Sci. J. 26: 347-356.
Moazenghamsari, B., E. Akbari, G. Zohourian. and B. Nikniyaee. 2009. Evaluation of corn growth indexes performance under the influence of different rats of superabsorbent super ABA 200 in drought stress conditions. Farm Plant Sci. 40(3): 27-38.
Modhej, A., Sh. Lack. and F. Kiani Ghaleh Sorkhi. 2014. Effect of nitrogen and de-foliation on assimilate redistribution and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under sub-tropical conditions. Proc. National Academy Sci. India Section B: Biol. Sci. J. 84(3): 765-770.
Moghimi, N. 2014. Effect of water stress and nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage corn. MSc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. Shiraz University. Iran. (Abstract in English)
Moslemi, Z., D. Habibi, A. Asgharzadeh, M. Reza Ardakani, A. Mohammadi. and A. Sakari. 2012. Effects of super absorbent polymer and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components of maize under drought stress and normal conditions. American-Eurasian J. Agri. Environ. Sci. 12 (3): 358-364.
Muchow, R. C. 1989. Comparative productivity of maize, sorghum and pearl millet in a semi-arid tropical environment II. Effect of water deficits. Field Crops Res. J. 20: 207-219.
Munir, A., S. Kaleem, A. Qayyum, M. Ahmad. and M. N. Abbas. 2012. Assimilate utilization wheat crop as influenced by varying nitrogen levels in rainfall area. Life Sci. Intl. J. 6(4): 2659-2662.
Nasri, M., M. Khalatbari. and H. Aliabadi Farahani. 2010. The effect of alternate furrow irrigation under different nutritional element supplies on some agronomic traits and seed qualitative parameters in corn (Zea mays L.). J. Cereals and Oilseeds. 1(2): 17-23.
Nazarli, H., M. R. Zardashti, R. Darvishzadeh. and S. Najafi. 2010. The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower. Notulae Sci. Biol. 2(4): 53-58.
Noormohammadi, G. A., A. Siadat. and G. Fathi. 2001. Seed farming. Chamran Univ. Press. pp: 468.
Osborne, S. L., J. S. Scheppers, D. D. Francis. and M. R. Schlemmer. 2002. Use of spectral radiance to in-season biomass and grain yield in nitrogen and water-stressed corn. Crop Sci. 42: 165-171.
Rafie, F., G. Nourmohammadi, R. Chokan, A. Kashani. and H. Haidari Sharif Abad. 2013. Investigation of superabsorbent polymer usage on maize under water stress.Global J. Medicinal Plant Res. 1(1): 82-87.
Robiul Islam, M. R., Y. Hu, S. Mao, P. Jia, A. E. Eneji. and X. Xue. 2011. Effects of water-saving superabsorbent polymer on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in corn (Zea max L.) under drought stress. J. Sci. Food Agri. 91: 813-819.
Pandey, R. K., J. W. Marienville. and A. Adum. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effect on maize in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield components. Agri. Water Management. J. 46: 1-13.
Rajput, A., S. R. Sujit. and J. Girish. 2017. Physiological parameters; LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR of different varieties of rice grown under different planting geometries and depths in SRI. Intl. J. Pure App. Bio-Sci. 5(1): 362-367.
Saberali, S. F., S. A. Sadatnouri, A. Hejazi. and E. Zand. 2007. Influence of plant density and planting pattern of corn on its growth and yield under competition with common Lambesquarters (Chenopodium album). J. Res. Prod. 74: 143-152.
Sayyari, M. and F. Ghanbari. 2012. Effects of super absorbent polymer A200 on the growth, yield and some physiological responses in wheatunder various irrigation regimes. Intl. J. Agri. Food Res. 1(1): 1‐11.
Sepaskhah, A. R. and M. H. Khajehabdollahi. 2005. Alternate furrow irrigation with different irrigation intervals for maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Prod. Sci. 8: 592-600.
Setter, T. L. 2000. Transport/ harvest index: Photosynthetic partitioning in stressed plants. P. 17-36. Stress responses in plant: Adaptation and accumulation mechanism. Wiley-Liss. Inc. New York. USA.
Sharifi, R. S., Y. Raei. and W. Weisany. 2014. Study of physiological growth indices in maize (Zea maize L.) hybrids under different plant densities. Intl. J. Bio-Sci. 5(3): 100-109.
Shirkhani, A. and S. Nasrolahzadeh. 2016. Vermi compost and Azotobacter as an ecological pathway to decrease chemical fertilizers in the maize, Zea mays. Bio-Sci. Bio-Tech. Res. Comm. 9(3): 382-390.
Tagheian-aghdam, A., S. R. Hashemi, A. Khashei. and A. Shahidi. 2014. Effects of various irrigation treatments on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Sweet Corn. Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic Sci. 8(9): 1165-1173.
Tarumingkeng, R. C. and Z. Coto. 2003. Effects of drought stress on growth and yield of soybean. Kisman. Science Philosopy PPs 702. Term paper. Graduate School. Borgor Agricultural University (Institut Ppertanian Bogor).
Valifar, A., Gh. Moafpoorian, M. S. Tadayon. and Gh. Ashraf Mansouri. 2013. The effects of optimal potassium nourishment and different irrigation management on the decreased consumptive used water in corn. J. Plant Ecophysiol. 5(14): 45-58. (Abstract in English)
Wallace, G. A. 1986. Effect of polymer soil conditioners on emergence of tomato seedlings. J. Soil Sci. Philadelphia. 141(5): 321-323.
Wilson, D. R., P. G. Ston. and R. N. Gillespie. 2006. Drought effects on water use, growth and yield sweet corn .Proc. 9th Austr. Agron. Conf. 45-48 pp.
Yazdani, F., I. Allahdadi. and G. A. Akbari. 2007. Impact of superabsorbent polymer on yield and growth analysis of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress condition. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10: 4190-4196.
Yonts, C. D., D. E, Eisenhauer. and D. Varner. 2007. Managing furrow irrigation systems. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Univ. Nebraska. Res. Report. 45 pp.