An Investigation into the Efficiency of Drinking Water Treatment Plants for Removal of Microplastics: A Review Study
Abdilmajid Fadaei
1
(
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
)
Keywords: Drinking water, Microplastics (MPs), Drinking water treatment plants, Polymer, Micropollutant,
Abstract :
As a new type of potentially menacing micropollutant, microplastics (MPs) are extensively released in water, and humans may be exposed to them through drinking water. The effectiveness of conventional drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) for the elimiation of MPs differs in terms of the plant size and shape. This paper aims to study the treatment efficiency of DWTPs for MPs removal. This work summarizes the MP components (types, sizes, forms, and abundance) in potable water sources, and critically reviews the elimination performance and impacts of MPs in different potable water treatment systems. In order to detect MPs in drinking water, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) (25%), Raman Spectroscopy (15%), and other methods (40%) were used. The highest removal efficiency of DWTPs (99.99%) was achieved in England and Wales and the lowest removal efficiency (49.69%) in China (Tianjin). In this study MPs in the inlet (surface and ground waters) DWTPs vary significantly, ranging from zero to 6614 MP particles/L. MPs were observed at minimum size of 163 nm and maximum size of 5 mm. Finally, further research needs to be carried to explore the release of MPs from DWTPs.
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2. Wang J., Zhao X., Wu F., Niu L., Tang Z., Liang W., 2021. Characterization, occurrence, environmental behaviors, and risks of nanoplastics in the aquatic environment: Current status and future perspectives. Fundamental Research.1(3), 317-328.
3. Feng L.J., Sun X.D., Zhu F.P., Feng Y., Duan J.L., Xiao F., 2020. Nanoplastics promote microcystin synthesis and release from cyanobacterial Microcystis aeruginosa. Environmental Science & Technology .54(6), 3386-3394.
4. Yang L., Kang S., Luo X., Wang Z., 2024. Microplastics in drinking water: A review on methods, occurrence, sources, and potential risks assessment. Environmental Pollution.123857.
5. Fadaei A., 2021. Comparison of Water Defluoridation Using Different Techniques. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2021,1-11.
6. Horton A.A., Walton A., Spurgeon D.J., Lahive E., Svendsen C., 2017. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Science of the Total Environment.586,127-141.
7. Patrick L., Pizzorno J., 2024. Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health.Integrative medicine journal. 23,6-9.
8. Gambino I., Bagordo F., Grassi T., Panico A., De Donno A., 2022. Occurrence of Microplastics in Tap and Bottled Water: Current Knowledge. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.19(9),5283.
9. Trasande L., Krithivasan R., Park K., Obsekov V., Belliveau M., 2024. Chemicals used in plastic materials: an estimate of the attributable disease burden and costs in the United States. Journal of the Endocrine Society.8(2), bvad163.
10. He Y., Yu T., Li H., Sun Q., Chen M., Lin Y., 2024. Polystyrene nanoplastic exposure actives ferroptosis by oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in porcine oocytes during maturation. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology.15(1),117.
11. Fadaei A., 2022. Comparison of medical waste management methods in different countries: a systematic review. Reviews on Environmental Health. 38(2), 339-348.
12. Liu Z., You X.Y., 2023. Recent progress of microplastic toxicity on human exposure base on in vitro and in vivo studies. Science of The Total Environment. 903,166766.
13. Taie M., Fadaei A., Sadeghi M., Hemati S., Mardani G., 2021. Comparison of the efficiency of ultraviolet/zinc oxide (UV/ZnO) and ozone/zinc oxide (O3/ZnO) techniques as advanced oxidation processes in the removal of trimethoprim from aqueous solutions. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2021(3),1-11.
14. Erdem İ.Ç., Yurtsever M., Şahin F., 2024. Determination of microplastics in drinking water treatment plants and tap water in Kocaeli, Turkey. Urban Water Journal.1-12.
15. Shen M., Zeng Z., Wen X., Ren X., Zeng G., Zhang Y., 2021. Presence of microplastics in drinking water from freshwater sources: the investigation in Changsha, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(31),42313-42324.
16. Pittroff M., Müller Y.K., Witzig C.S., Scheurer M., Storck F.R., Zumbülte N., 2021. Microplastic analysis in drinking water based on fractionated filtration sampling and Raman microspectroscopy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(42),59439-59451.
17. Zuri G., Karanasiou A., Lacorte S., 2023. Microplastics: Human exposure assessment through air, water, and food. Environment International.179,108150.
18. Maurizi L., Iordachescu L., Kirstein I.V., Nielsen A.H., Vollertsen J., 2023. It matters how we measure-Quantification of microplastics in drinking water by μFTIR and μRaman. Heliyon. 9(9),e20119.
19. Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G., 2010. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 8(5), 336-41.
20. Lehner R., Weder C., Petri-Fink A., Rothen-Rutishauser B., 2019. Emergence of nanoplastic in the environment and possible impact on human health. Environmental science & technology.53(4), 1748-65.
21. Shen M., Song B., Zhu Y., Zeng G., Zhang Y., Yang Y., et al. 2020. Removal of microplastics via drinking water treatment: Current knowledge and future directions. Chemosphere. 251,126612.
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