Nutraceutical Potential of Tetracarpidium conophorum and Buccholzia coriacea in Diet-induced Hyperlipidemia

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Eucharia  Oluchi Nwaichi ¹ (Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, 23400)
Justice  Obinna Osuoha ² (Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, 23400)
Michael  Okechukwu Monanu ³ (Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, 23400)

Received: 2017-09-03 Accepted : 2018-10-29 Published : 2017-09-03

Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Lipid profile, Hepatotoxicity, Hyperlipidemia, Atherogenic indices, Marker enzymes,

Abstract :

The nutraceutical potential of Tetracarpidium conophorum and Buccholzia coriacea in diet-induced hyperlipidemia in male Wistar rats were investigated at the Plant Science and Biotechnology department, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria in 2016. Diet-induced type II A hyperlipidemia in rat model was achieved by oral administration of egg yolk and groundnut oil formulations for 2 wk. Rats fed with normal diet and diet formulations constituted the negative control and test control in that order for comparison. The hyperlipidemic rats were subsequently treated with normal feed supplemented with 500 mgkg-1 and 1000 mgkg-1 of T. conophorum and B. coriacea for two weeks. In comparison to test control animals, administration of tried samples markedly lowered weight gain by experimental animals, total cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT ALP, plasma contents of LDL, VLDL, Non-HDL and atherogenic indices in a dose- dependent fashion. Their administration also produced significantly higher (P<0.05) plasma HDL cholesterol levels indicating recovery. These findings underscore the nutraceutical potentials of T. conophorum and B. coriaceaand suggest their possible use in management of hyperlipidemia and other related diseases.

References:

1. Hasler C.M., 1998. A new look at an ancient concept. Chem Ind. 2, 84-89.
2. Himal P.C., Nisha S.Y., Jyoei S., 2008. Phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluations of some medicinal plants of nepals. Kathmande Unw. JASET. 1(5), 49-54.
3. Nwaichi E.O., Igbinobaro O., 2012. Effects of some selected Spices on the Biochemical profile of Wistar Albino rats. Am J Environ Engin. 2(1), 8- 11.
4. Nostro N., Germano M., Ángelo V.D., Cannatelli M., 2000. Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol. 30, 379-384.
5. Pierangeli G., Vital G., Rivera W., 2009. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity activity of Chromolaena odorata (L.F) King and Robinson and Uncaria perrottetii (A. Rich) Merr. Extracts. J Med Plants Res. 3(7), 511-518.
6. Edem C.A., Dosumu M.I., Bassey F.I., 2009. Determination of Proximate Composition of Conorphor seeds in in vitro Nutrition. Pak J Nutr. 8(3), 225-226.
7. Ayoola P.B., Adeyeye A., Onawumi O.O., Faboya O.O., 2011. Phytochemical and Nutrient Evaluation of Tetracarpidium Conophorum (Nigerian Walnut). J Pharm Biomed Sci. 11(11), 1-5.
8. Oke O.L., 1995. Leaf Protein Research in Nigeria Ibadan. University of Ibadan Press, USA,
9. Ajaiyeoba E.O., Fadare D.A., 2006. Antimicrobial potential of extract and fraction of the African Walnut ââ‚‌“ Tetracarpidium conophorum. Afr J Biotechnol. 5(22), 2322-2325.
10. Ajaiyeoba E.O., Onocha P.A., Nwozo S.O., Sama W., 2003. Antibacterial activities and preliminary phytochemical screening of four medicinal plants. J Appl Sci. 7(3), 4228-4338.
11. Ezekiel O.O., Onyeoziri N.F., 2009. Preliminary studies on the antimicrobial properties of Buhholzia coricea (Wonderful kola). Afr J Biotechnol. 8(3), 472-474.
12. Quattrochi-Umbeto F.L.S. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names- Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms and Entomology. CRC Press, London, 2007; 367- 368.
13. Anowi C.A., Chibeze I., Emma E., 2012. The Phytochemical, Antispasmodic and Antidiarrhoea Properties of the Methanol Extract of the leaves of Buchholzia Coriacea. Capparaceae. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 4(3), 52-58.
14. Mbata T.I., Duru C.M., Onwumelu H.A. 2009. The Antibacterial activity of crude seed extracts of Buchholzia coriacea on some pathogenic bacteria. J Develop Biol Tissue Engin. 1, 1-5.
15. Ezeigbo I.A., 2011. Medical Health Science Research, 159. PMID: 23209970) www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/. Retrieved April 18th 2016. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3507116/).
16. Saunders M., 2007. Relationship between hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia. Brit J Pharm Sci. 12(2), 405-16.
17. Rerkasen K., Gallagher P.J., Grimble R.F., Calder P.C., Shearman C.P., 2008. Management of hypercholesterolemia and its correlation with carotidplaque morphology in patients undergoing carotid endoterectomy. Vascular Health Risk Management. 4(6), 1259-1264.
18. Schaefer S., Hussein H., Gershony G.R., Rutledge J.C., Kappagoda C.T., 1997. J Investig Med. 45, 536-541.
19. Onyeike E.N., Monanu M.O., Okoye C.N., 2012. Changes in the blood lipid profile of wistar albino rats fed rich cholesterol diet. Ann Biol Res. 3(11), 5186-5191.
20. Friedewald W.T., Levy R.I., Friedrickson D.S., 1972. Estimation of the Concentration of Low- Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, without use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 18(6), 499-502.
21. Brunzell J.D., Davidson M., Furberg C.D., Goldberg R.B., Howard B.V., Stein J.H., Witztum J.L., 2008. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: Consensus conference report from the American Diabetes Association and the Americans.
22. Ikewuchi J.C., Ikewuchi C.C., 2009. Alteration of Plasma Lipid Profiles and Atherogenic Indices by Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. (Vahl). Biokemistri. 21(2), 71-77.
23. NCEP. National Cholesterol Education Program. Lipid Assessments Guideline. Molecule. 2002. 5, 3-5.
24. Kumar A., Agarwal S., Heyman J.A., Matson S., Heidtman M., Piccirillo S., Umansky L., Drawid A., Jansen R., Liu Y., Cheung K.H., Miller P., Gerstein M., Roeder G.S., Snyder M., 2002. Types of primary hyperlipidemia. Nutr Res. 16, 707ââ‚‌“719.
25. Krauss R.M., Blanche P.J., Rawlings R.S., Fernstrom H.S., Williams P.T., 2006. Separate Effects of Reduced Carbohydrate Intake and Weight Loss on Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 83(6), 1025 - 1031.
26. Assman G., Gotto A.M. Jr. 2004. HDL cholesterol and protective factors in atherosclersosis. Circulation. 109, 8- 14.
27. Ibrahim T. A., Fagbohun E.D. 2012. Phytochemical and Nutritive Quality of Dried Seeds of Buchholzia Coriacea. J Food Dairy Technol. 2(5), 185-191.
28. Nwaichi E.O., Olua V., 2015. Antioxidants and phytochemical profile of various extracts from Buccholzia Coriacea. Indian J Appl Res. 5(6), 415-420.
29. Igile G.O., 1994. Phytochemical and biological studies of some constituents of Vermonia amygdalina leaves. Ph.D. Thesis, Ibadan.
30. Olaiya O.O., Omolekan T.O., 2013. Antihypercholesterolemic activity of ethanolic extract of Buchholzia coriacea in rats. Afr Health Sci. 13(4), 1084-1090.
31. Dobiasova M., 2004. Atherogenic index of plasma [log (triglyceride/HDL-Cholesterol)]: Theoretical and practical implications. Clin Chem. 50(7), 1113-1115.
32. Martirosyan D.M., Miroshnichenko L.A., Kulokawa S.N., Pogojeva A.V., Zoloedov V.I., 2007. Amaranth oil application for heart disease and hypertension. Lipids Health Dis. 6, 1-7.
33. McBride P.E., 2007. Triglycerides and risk for coronary heart disease. JAMA. 298(3), 336-338.
34. Odetola A. A., Iranloye Y.O., Akinloye O., 2004. Hypolipidaemic Potentials of Solanum melongena and Solanum gilo on Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits, Pak J Nutr. 3(3), 180-187.
35. Rang H.P., Dale M.M., Ritter J.M., Moore P.K., Pharmacology, 5th edition, New Delhi, India: Elsevier, 2005.
36. Lichtenstein A. H., Appel L.J., Brands M., Carnethon M., Daniels S., Franch H.A., Franklin B., Kris-Etherton P., Harris W.S., Howard B., Karanja N., Lefevre M., Rudel L., Sacks F., Van Horn L., Winston M., Wylie-Rosett J., 2006. Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 26(10), 2186-2191.
37. Ademuyiwa O., Ugbaja R.N., Idumebor F., Adebawo O., 2005. Plasma lipid profiles and risks of cardiovascular diseases in occupational lead exposure in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Lipids Health Dis. 4, 19-24.
38. Grundy S.M., 1986. Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. JAMA. 256, 2849-2858.
39. Ebesunun M.O., Agbedana E.O., Taylor G.O.L., Oladapo O.O., 2008. Plasma lipoprotein, homocysteine, and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Nigerian. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 33(2), 282-289
40. Shen G.X., 2007. Lipid disorders in diabetes mellitus and current management. CURR PHARM ANAL. 3(1), 17-24.
41. Liu J., Sempos C., Donahue R., Dorn J., Trevisan M., Grundy S.M., 2005. Joint distribution of non-HDL and LDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk prediction among individuals with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 28(8), 1916-1921.
42. Pischon T., Girman C.J., Sacks F.M., Rifai N., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E.B., 2005. Non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 112(22), 3375-3383.
43. Brehm A., Pfeiler G., Pacini G., Vierhapper H., Roden M., 2004. Relationship between Serum Lipoprotein Ratios and Insulin Resistance in Obesity. Clin Chem. 50(12), 2316ââ‚‌“2322.
44. Usoro C.A.O., Adikwuru C.C., Usoro I.N., Nsonwu A.C., 2006. Lipid Profile of Postmenopausal Women in Calabar, Nigeria. Pak J Nutr. 5(1), 79-82
45. Dobiásová M., 2006. AIP--atherogenic index of plasma as a significant predictor of cardiovascular risk: from research to practice [Article in Czech. Vnitr Lek. 52(1), 64ââ‚‌“71.
46. Dobiásová M, Frohlich J., 2001. The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER (HDL)). Clin Biochem. 34(7), 583ââ‚‌“588.
47. Waggas A.M. 2013. Biochemical and histological effects of cyfluthrinon liver and kidney of quail (Coturnix couternix): potentiating role of peg. Global Vet. 10, 524 -533.
48. Assy N., Kaita K., Mymin D., Levy C., Rosser B., Minuk G., 2000. Fatty infiltration of liver in hyperlipidemic patients. Dig Dis Sci. 45(10), 1929-1934
49. Day C.P., James O.F., 1998. Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 114(4), 842-845.
50. Hyeung S., Hyo C.A., Sae K., 2006. Hypolipidemic effect of aqueous extracts of Picrorrhiza rhizoma in Poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 105, 380 ââ‚‌“386.
51. USDA (The Economic Research Service of the USDA). Global Food Markets: Briefing Rooms, 2006.
52. Adeniyi A.F., Adeleye J.O., Adeniyi C.Y., 2010. Diabetes, Sexual Dysfunction and Therapeutic Exercise: A 20 Year Review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 6, 201-206.
53. Jens J.J., Hanne H., 2002. A Review on Liver Function Test. The Danish Hepatitis C. http://home3.inet.tele.dk/omni/hemochromatosis_iron.htm. Retrieved 10/4/2016.
54. Nelson D.L., Cox M.M., Lehninger. 2003. Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., New York, 626- 845.
55. Ioannou G.N., Weiss N.S., Boyko E.J., Mozaffarian D., Lee S.P., 2006. Elevated Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Activity and Calculated Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the United States. Hepatology. 43, 1145-1151.
56. Chavan Sandeep D., Patil Sandeep B., Naikwade Nilofar S., 2012. Biochemical And Histopathological Studies of Butea Monosperma (Lam) Leaves On Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats. J Pharm Res. 5(8), 4006-4008.
57. Akanji M.A., Olagoke O.A., Oloyede O.B., 1993. Effect of Chronic Consumption of Metabisulphite on the Integrity of the Kidney Rat Cellular System. Toxicology. 81, 173-179.
58. Muhammad N.O., 2007. Studies on the Nutritional and Toxicological Aspects of Terminalia catappa Seeds Fermented by Aspergillus niger. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin. 143.
59. Adeyemi O.T., Muhammad N.O., 2010. Effect of Aspergillus Niger Fermented Chrysophyllum Albidum Seed Meal on Growth and Haematological Parameters in Rats. Int J Biosci. 5, 3-7.
60. Jaroslaw S., Armand M., Gizowska M., Marcinek M., Sasim E., Szafran E., 2009. Ceramic-in-Polymer versus Polymer-in-Ceramic Polymeric Electrolytesââ‚‌”A Novel Approach. J Power Sources. 194, 66-72.