Environmental Investigation of Psychiatric Pharmaceuticals: Guandu River, Rio De Janeiro State, Southeast Brazil

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Aldo Pacheco Ferreira ¹

1 - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Center for the Study of Worker’s Health and Human Ecology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Received: 2014-08-23 Accepted : 2018-10-29 Published : 2018-10-29

Keywords: environment, Diazepam, public health, Clonazepam, Bromazepam, Water supply,

Abstract :

Pharmaceuticals are considered to be important environmental contaminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate their presence in water intended for public supply to Municipally of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The regional environmental assessment was done from the analysis of surface water and distribution for the presence of psychiatric drugs. The study reveals the presence of benzodiazepine derivatives in all samples of surface water samples of the Guandu River, with the amounts of 42 ng L-1, 198 ng L-1 and 335 ng L-1 for bromazepam, clonazepam, and diazepam, respectively. The population served by Companhia Estadual de Águas e Esgotos (CEDAE) is the order of ten million. Psychiatric pharmaceuticals, in particular, are thought to impose significant ecological risks. A better understanding of the real impact of these pollutants implies a comprehensive evaluation of their persistence and fate in environmental matrices. The studies presented in this article are intended to contribute to improve the knowledge about the occurrence of some psychiatric drugs in the water supply.

References:

1. Kosjek T., Perko S., Zupanc M., Zanoški Hren M., Landeka Dragičević T., Zigon D., Kompare B., Heath E., 2012. Environmental occurrence, fate and transformation of benzodiazepines in water treatment. Water Res. 46(2): 355-368.
2. Bound J.P., Voulvoulis N., 2004. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment ââ‚‌“ a comparison of risk assessment strategies. Chemosphere. 56: 1143-1155.
3. Petrovic M., Barceló D., 2007. Analysis, Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
4. Jones O.A.H., Voulvoulis N., Lester J.N., 2005. Human pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment processes. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 35: 401-427.
5. Calisto V., Esteves V.I., 2009. Psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the environment. Chemosphere. 77: 1257-1274.
6. Benotti M.J., Trenholm R.A., Vanderford B.J., Holady J.C., Stanford B.D., Snyder, S.A., 2009. Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water. Environ Sci Technol. 43(3): 597-603.
7. van der Ven K., Van Dongen W., Maes B.U., Esmans E.L., Blust R., De Coen W.M., 2004. Determination of diazepam in aquatic samples by capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chemosphere. 57: 967-973.
8. Telles Filho P.C.P., Chagas A.R., Pinheiro M.L.P., Lima A.M.J., Durão A.M.S., 2011. Utilização de benzodiazepínicos por idosos de uma estratégia de saúde da família: implicações para enfermagem. Escola Anna Nery. 15(3): 581-586.
9. Pincus H.A., Tanelian T.L., Marcus S.C., Olfson M., Zarin D.A., Thompson J., Zito J.M., 1998. Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications. JAMA. 279(7): 526-531.
10. International Narcotics Control Board, 2012. https://www.incb.org/incb/en/index.html
11. Carlsson C., Johansson A.K., Alvan G., Bergman K., Kuhler T., 2006. Are pharmaceuticals potent environmental pollutants? Part I: environmental risk assessments of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients. Sci Total Environ. 364: 67-87.
12. Jelic A., Gros M., Ginebreda A., Cespedes-Sánchez R., Ventura F., Petrovic M., Barcelo D., 2011. Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Res. 45: 1165-1176.
13. Jones O.A.H., Voulvoulis N., Lester J.N., 2006. Partitioning behavior of five pharmaceutical compounds to activated sludge and river sediment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 50: 297-305.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. Stability of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, Steroids, and Hormones in Aqueous Samples, POTW Effluents and Biosolids. Office of Water (4303T). NW Washington, EPA-820-R-10-008.
15. Ministry of Health, Ordinance No 518, 2004. Controle e Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano e seu Padrão de Potabilidade.
16. Resolution No 357, 2005. Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente-CONAMA.
17. Castro C.M., Ferreirinha M.M., 2012. A problemática ambiental na bacia hidrográfica do rio Guandu: desafios para a gestão dos recursos hídricos. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências. 35(2): 71-77.
18. CBH - Guandu, Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Guandu, 2007. Plano estratégico de recursos hídricos das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Guandu, da Guarda e Guandu Mirim: relatório síntese. Brasília: ANA (Agência Nacional de Águas); Sondotécnica.
19. Chèze M., Villain M., Pépin G., 2004. Determination of bromazepam, clonazepam and metabolites after a single intake in urine and hair by LCââ‚‌“MS/MS: Application to forensic cases of drug facilitated crimes. Forensic Sci Int. 145(2-3): 123-130.
20. Mullett W.M., 2007. Determination of drugs in biological fluids by direct injection of samples for liquid-chromatographic analysis. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 70: 263ââ‚‌“273.
21. Schultz M.M., Furlong E.T., 2008. Trace analysis of antidepressant pharmaceuticals and their select degradates in aquatic matrixes by LC/ESI/MS/MS. Anal Chem. 80: 1756-1762.
22. Martınez Bueno M.J., Aguera A., Gomez M.J., Hernando M.D., Garcıa-Reyes J.F., Fernandez-Alba A.R., 2007. Application of liquid chromatography/quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to the determination of pharmaceuticals and related contaminants in wastewater. Anal Chem 79. 9372e9384.
23. Corcoran J., Winter M., Tyler C., 2010. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: A critical review of the evidence for health effects in fish. Toxicol. 40: 287-304.
24. Grabic R., Fick J., Lindberg R.H., Fedorova G., Tysklind M., 2012. Multi-residue method for trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta. 100: 183-195.
25. Ferreira A.P., 2014. Trace Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residues in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Chem Health Risks. 4(1): 1-12.
26. Ferreira da Silva B., Jelic A., López-Serna R., Mozeto A., Petrovic M., Barceló D., 2011. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain. Chemosphere. 85: 1331-1339.
27. Loffler D., Rombke J., Meller M., Ternes T.A., 2005. Environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in water/sediment systems. Environ Sci Technol. 39, 5209-5218.
28. Calisto V., Bahlmann A., Schneider R.J., Esteves V.I., 2011. Application of an ELISA to the quantiïÂ‌cation of carbamazepine in ground, surface and wastewaters and validation with LC-MS/MS. Chemosphere. 84(11): 1708ââ‚‌“1715.
29. Ternes T., Bonerz M., Schmidt T., 2001. Determination of neutral pharmaceuticals in wastewater and rivers by liquid chromatographyeelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromato. A 938 (1, 2): 175e185.
30. Martınez Bueno M.J., Hernando M.D., Herrera S., Gomez M.J., Fernandez-Alba A.R., Bustamante I., Garcıa-Calvo E., 2010. Pilot survey of chemical contaminants from industrial and human activities in river waters of Spain. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 90: 321e343.
31. Zuccato E., Calamari D., Natangelo M., Fanelli R., 2000. Presence of therapeutic drugs in the environment. The Lancet. 355, 1789e1790.
32. Huerta-Fontela M., Galceran M.T., Ventura F., 2011. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and hormones through drinking water treatment. Water Res. 45(3): 1432e1442.
33. Löffler D., Römbke J., Meller M., Ternes T., 2005. Environmental Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Water/Sediment Systems. Environ Sci Technol. 39: 5209-5218.
34. Pedersen J.A., Soliman M., Suffet I.H., 2005. Human pharmaceuticals, hormones, and personal care product ingredients in runoff from agricultural fields irrigated with treated wastewater. J Agr Food Chem. 53: 1625-1632.
35. Daneshvar A., Svenfelt J., Kronberg L., Prévost M., Weyhenmeyer G., 2010. Seasonal variations in the occurrence and fate of basic and neutral pharmaceuticals in a Swedish river-lake system. Chemosphere. 80: 301-309.