عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) در واکنش به تراکم های مختلف کاشت
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
محمدرضا واحدی
1
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زراعت، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران)
عنایت الله توحیدی نژاد
2
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران)
امین پسندی پور
3
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران)
کلید واژه: شاخص سطح برگ, سرعت رشد محصول, فاصله بین ردیف, فاصله روی ردیف,
چکیده مقاله :
تاثیر تراکم های مختلف کاشت بر عملکرد و برخی شاخص های رشد کینوا (رقم Titicaca)، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی جنوب استان کرمان در سال 1398 بررسی شد. دو فاصله کاشت بین ردیف (30 و 50 سانتی متر) به عنوان فاکتور اول و چهار فاصله کاشت روی ردیف شامل 5، 10، 15 و 20 سانتی متر به عنوان فاکتور دوم مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. افزایش فاصله روی ردیف بین ردیف کاشت منجر به کاهش معنی دار سرعت رشد محصول گردید. به گونه ای که، کمترین مقدار شاخص رشد محصول در هر دو فاصله بین ردیف و روی ردیف 20 سانتی متر به دست آمد. کمترین عملکرد دانه ( 225/76 گرم در متر مربع) مربوط به تیمار فاصله بین ردیف 50 سانتی متر و روی ردیف 20 سانتی متر حاصل شد و کاهش فاصله روی ردیف کاشت تا 10 سانتی متر منجر به افزایش معنی دار عملکرد دانه گردید. این در حالی بود که در فاصله بین ردیف 30 سانتی متر، بین فواصل روی ردیف کاشت از لحاظ عملکرد دانه اختلاف معنی داری وجود نداشت و بیشترین مقدار آن نیز از فاصله روی ردیف 20 سانتی متر با میانگین 386/36 گرم در متر مربع به دست آمد. به طورکلی، فاصله بین ردیف کاشت 30 سانتی متر با فاصله روی ردیف 15 و 20 سانتی متر برای دست یابی به بیشترین عملکرد دانه در واحد سطح و همچنین وزن هزار دانه بیشتر، برای کاشت کینوا در منطقه مورد این پژوهش مناسب به نظر می رسد.
To investigate the effect of different planting densities on yield and yield components of quinoa (Titicaca cultivar), a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design was studied at the Research Farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center of Kerman province in 2018-2019. Two inter-row space (30 and 50 cm) considered as the first factor and four intra-row space including 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm as the second factor. Increasing the intra-row and inter-row spacing resulted in significant reduction in CGR. Thus, the lowest value of this index, at both intra-row spacing attributed to 20 cm the inter-row spacing. The lowest grain yield (225.76 g.m-2) was related to the treatment of 50 cm inter-row and 20 cm intra-row spacings, Reduction intra-row spacing up to 10 cm resulted in a significant increase in seed yield. However, at in the inter-row spacing of 30 cm, there was no significant difference between the intra-row spacings in seed yield. The highest seed yield value was obtained from the intra- row spacing of 20 cm, with an average of 386.36 g.m-2. In general, the inter-row spacing of 30 cm and intra-row spacing of 15 and 20 cm resulted in highest seed yield and 1000 seed weight of quinoa in this research.
Al-Ramamneh, E.D. 2009. Plant growth strategies of Thymus vulgaris in response to population density. Industrial Crop and Products. 30: 389-394.
Antonietta, M., D.D. Fanello, H.A. Acciaresi, and J.J. Guiamet. 2014. Senescence and yield responses to plant density in stay green and earlier-senescing maize hybrids from Argentina. Field Crops Research. 155: 111-119.
Armin, M., Gh. Nour-mohamadi, E. Zand, M. Baghestani, and F. Darvish. 2008. Study on some ecophysiological difference in more and less competitive winter wheat cultivars on competition with wild oat at different wheat densities. Journal of Pajouhesh Sazandegi. 80: 119-127. (In Persian).
Arvin, P., and R. Firouzeh. 2019. Study of plant density and gibberellin on some morphological and physiological traits and essential oil content of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant. 34(6): 888-908. (In Persian).
Bannayan, M., M. Rahmati, A. Ghani, and H. Ghavidel. 2010. Quantitative analysis of growth and production of two local and commercial cultivars of radish (Rhaphanus sativus) in response to different levels of planting density. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 8(6): 1002-1011. (In Persian).
Bazile, D., H.D. Bertero, and C. Nieto. 2015. State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. FAO/CIRAD.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid, sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein–dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Emadi, N., S. Jahanbin, and H.R. Balouchi. 2013. Effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and some physiological characteristics of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Yasouj region. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 3(8): 25-36. (In Persian).
Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Ghalandari, R., F. Rhimzadeh Khoei, M. Toorchi, and B. Behtari. 2009. Effect of plant density on growth and yield of three sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus) as a second crop. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 2(20): 27-40. (In Persian).
Hayat, F., M. Arif, and K.M. Kakar. 2003. Effects of seed rates on mung bean varieties under dry land conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 5(1): 160- 161.
Jacobsen, S.E. 2003. The world wide potential for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Reviews International. 19: 167-177.
James, L.E.A. 2009. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 58 (1): 1-31.
Kashiri, H., M. Kashiri, E. Zeynali, and M. Bagheri. 2007. Investigating effects of row-spacing and plant density on yield and yield components of three soybean cultivars in summer cultivation. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 13: 147-156. (In Persian).
Khalili, S., A. Bastani, and M. Bagheri. 2019. Effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity and phosphorus on some properties of soil and quinoa plant. Iranian Journal of Soil Research. 33(2): 155-166. (In Persian).
Kuhlase, L.M., E.M. Ossom, and R.L. Rhykerd. 2009. Effects of plant populations on morphological and physiological parameters of intercropped sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Academic Journal of Plant Sciences. 2(1): 16-24.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic bio membranes. Methods in Enzymolgy. 148: 350-382.
Majnoon Hosseini, N., H. Mohammadi, K. Postini, and H. Zeinali. 2003. Effect of plant density on yield, chlorophyll content and remobilization of stems of pea cultivars.Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 1011-1019. (In Persian).
MalekMaleki, F., N. Abbasi, E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi, M. Barari, and M.J. Zare. 2018. Effects of row distance on yield of two ecotypes of Thymbra spicata under field growing conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 34(1): 62-76. (In Persian).
Martin, R.J., and B. Deo. 2000. Effect of plant population on calendula (Calendula officinalis) flower production. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 28(1): 37-44.
Moazzamnia, A., A. Nasrollah Zadeh Asl, and A.R. Eivazi. 2011. The effect of the distance between and on the planting rows on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum CV, Ghazvin) in west Azerbaijan. Journal of Research in Crop Sciences. 4(13): 29-39. (In Persian).
Moradhajati, P., and A. Shokuhfar. 2016. Growth analysis, yield and yield components of three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare) under different seeding rates. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10(2): 461-476. (In Persian).
Naghdi Badi, H., D. Yazdani, S. Mohammad Ali, and F. Nazari. 2004. Effect of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in Thymus vulgaris Industrial Crops and Product. 19: 231-236.
Nour-Mohamadi, Gh., A. Siadat, and A. Kashani. 2013. Agronomy; cereal crops. Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. (In Persian).
Ozoni Davaji, A., M. Esfahani, H. Sami Zadeh, and M. Rabiei. 2008. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on growth indices and radiation use efficiency of apetalous flowres and petalled rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 9 (4): 382-400. (In Persian).
Panbekar, N.A., S. Dastan, R. Yadi, and A. Shahidifar. 2015. Effect of nitrogen splitting and planting row space on yield and yield components in faba bean (Vicia faba) barkat cultivar. Journal of Crop Production Research. 6(4): 341-354. (In Persian).
Seyfati, S.E., S.S. Ramazanpour, H. Soltanlo, M. Salehi, and N.A. Sepahvand. 2015. Study on some morphophenological traits related to yield and early maturity in quinoa cultivars (Chenopodium quinoa, Wild.). Journal of Crop Production. 8(2): 153-169. (In Persian).
Shabahang, J., S. Khorramdel, G.A. Asadi, E. Mirabi, and H. Nemati. 2010. The effects of intra and inter-row spaces and planting pattern on the yield components, seed and oil yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). Agroecology. 2(3): 417-427. (In Persian).
Shahsavary, M.R. 2012. Effect of inter and intra row spacing on some agronomic traits of red castor (Ricinus communis). Seed and Plant Production. 28(2): 145-155. (In Persian).
Siadat, S.A., S. Bahrami, H. Pourhadian, and A. Moshatati. 2012. Effects of intra row space on yield and yield components of soybean cultivars in summer cultivation in Khormabad. Crop Physiology. 4(15): 5-15. (In Persian).
Taheri, R., M.H. Lebaschi, R. Zakerin, M. Bakhtiari Ramezani, A. Borjian, and M. Makkizadeh Tafti. 2013. Effects of plant densities on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of four Thymus species under dry farming condition of Damavand. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29(3): 709-713. (In Persian).
Torabi Jefrodi, A., A. Fayaz Moghaddam, and A. Hassanzadeh ghoort tapeh. 2005. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on yield, yield components and growth characteristics of red bean varieties. Journal of Agricultural Science. 36: 639- 646. (In Persian).
Valadabadi, S.A.R., M. Alimohammadi, B. Aref, and J. Daneshian. 2011. Effects of levels of nitrogen and plant density on oil yield and its components of castor (Ricinus communis). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 2(4): 312-318. (In Persian).
Yazdi Samadi, B., and K. Postini. 1994. Principles of crop production. Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Zeinali, E., A. Soltani, M. Khadempir, M. Tourani, and F. Sheikh. 2014. Studying the response of yield components, grain and green pod yield of two faba bean cultivars to inter- row spacing in normal and late seeding dates. Journal of Crop Improvement. 15(4): 195-210. (In Persian).
_||_Al-Ramamneh, E.D. 2009. Plant growth strategies of Thymus vulgaris in response to population density. Industrial Crop and Products. 30: 389-394.
Antonietta, M., D.D. Fanello, H.A. Acciaresi, and J.J. Guiamet. 2014. Senescence and yield responses to plant density in stay green and earlier-senescing maize hybrids from Argentina. Field Crops Research. 155: 111-119.
Armin, M., Gh. Nour-mohamadi, E. Zand, M. Baghestani, and F. Darvish. 2008. Study on some ecophysiological difference in more and less competitive winter wheat cultivars on competition with wild oat at different wheat densities. Journal of Pajouhesh Sazandegi. 80: 119-127. (In Persian).
Arvin, P., and R. Firouzeh. 2019. Study of plant density and gibberellin on some morphological and physiological traits and essential oil content of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant. 34(6): 888-908. (In Persian).
Bannayan, M., M. Rahmati, A. Ghani, and H. Ghavidel. 2010. Quantitative analysis of growth and production of two local and commercial cultivars of radish (Rhaphanus sativus) in response to different levels of planting density. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 8(6): 1002-1011. (In Persian).
Bazile, D., H.D. Bertero, and C. Nieto. 2015. State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. FAO/CIRAD.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid, sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein–dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Emadi, N., S. Jahanbin, and H.R. Balouchi. 2013. Effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and some physiological characteristics of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Yasouj region. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 3(8): 25-36. (In Persian).
Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Ghalandari, R., F. Rhimzadeh Khoei, M. Toorchi, and B. Behtari. 2009. Effect of plant density on growth and yield of three sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus) as a second crop. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 2(20): 27-40. (In Persian).
Hayat, F., M. Arif, and K.M. Kakar. 2003. Effects of seed rates on mung bean varieties under dry land conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 5(1): 160- 161.
Jacobsen, S.E. 2003. The world wide potential for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Reviews International. 19: 167-177.
James, L.E.A. 2009. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 58 (1): 1-31.
Kashiri, H., M. Kashiri, E. Zeynali, and M. Bagheri. 2007. Investigating effects of row-spacing and plant density on yield and yield components of three soybean cultivars in summer cultivation. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 13: 147-156. (In Persian).
Khalili, S., A. Bastani, and M. Bagheri. 2019. Effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity and phosphorus on some properties of soil and quinoa plant. Iranian Journal of Soil Research. 33(2): 155-166. (In Persian).
Kuhlase, L.M., E.M. Ossom, and R.L. Rhykerd. 2009. Effects of plant populations on morphological and physiological parameters of intercropped sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Academic Journal of Plant Sciences. 2(1): 16-24.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic bio membranes. Methods in Enzymolgy. 148: 350-382.
Majnoon Hosseini, N., H. Mohammadi, K. Postini, and H. Zeinali. 2003. Effect of plant density on yield, chlorophyll content and remobilization of stems of pea cultivars.Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 1011-1019. (In Persian).
MalekMaleki, F., N. Abbasi, E. Sharifi Ashoorabadi, M. Barari, and M.J. Zare. 2018. Effects of row distance on yield of two ecotypes of Thymbra spicata under field growing conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 34(1): 62-76. (In Persian).
Martin, R.J., and B. Deo. 2000. Effect of plant population on calendula (Calendula officinalis) flower production. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 28(1): 37-44.
Moazzamnia, A., A. Nasrollah Zadeh Asl, and A.R. Eivazi. 2011. The effect of the distance between and on the planting rows on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum CV, Ghazvin) in west Azerbaijan. Journal of Research in Crop Sciences. 4(13): 29-39. (In Persian).
Moradhajati, P., and A. Shokuhfar. 2016. Growth analysis, yield and yield components of three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare) under different seeding rates. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10(2): 461-476. (In Persian).
Naghdi Badi, H., D. Yazdani, S. Mohammad Ali, and F. Nazari. 2004. Effect of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in Thymus vulgaris Industrial Crops and Product. 19: 231-236.
Nour-Mohamadi, Gh., A. Siadat, and A. Kashani. 2013. Agronomy; cereal crops. Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. (In Persian).
Ozoni Davaji, A., M. Esfahani, H. Sami Zadeh, and M. Rabiei. 2008. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on growth indices and radiation use efficiency of apetalous flowres and petalled rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 9 (4): 382-400. (In Persian).
Panbekar, N.A., S. Dastan, R. Yadi, and A. Shahidifar. 2015. Effect of nitrogen splitting and planting row space on yield and yield components in faba bean (Vicia faba) barkat cultivar. Journal of Crop Production Research. 6(4): 341-354. (In Persian).
Seyfati, S.E., S.S. Ramazanpour, H. Soltanlo, M. Salehi, and N.A. Sepahvand. 2015. Study on some morphophenological traits related to yield and early maturity in quinoa cultivars (Chenopodium quinoa, Wild.). Journal of Crop Production. 8(2): 153-169. (In Persian).
Shabahang, J., S. Khorramdel, G.A. Asadi, E. Mirabi, and H. Nemati. 2010. The effects of intra and inter-row spaces and planting pattern on the yield components, seed and oil yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). Agroecology. 2(3): 417-427. (In Persian).
Shahsavary, M.R. 2012. Effect of inter and intra row spacing on some agronomic traits of red castor (Ricinus communis). Seed and Plant Production. 28(2): 145-155. (In Persian).
Siadat, S.A., S. Bahrami, H. Pourhadian, and A. Moshatati. 2012. Effects of intra row space on yield and yield components of soybean cultivars in summer cultivation in Khormabad. Crop Physiology. 4(15): 5-15. (In Persian).
Taheri, R., M.H. Lebaschi, R. Zakerin, M. Bakhtiari Ramezani, A. Borjian, and M. Makkizadeh Tafti. 2013. Effects of plant densities on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of four Thymus species under dry farming condition of Damavand. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29(3): 709-713. (In Persian).
Torabi Jefrodi, A., A. Fayaz Moghaddam, and A. Hassanzadeh ghoort tapeh. 2005. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on yield, yield components and growth characteristics of red bean varieties. Journal of Agricultural Science. 36: 639- 646. (In Persian).
Valadabadi, S.A.R., M. Alimohammadi, B. Aref, and J. Daneshian. 2011. Effects of levels of nitrogen and plant density on oil yield and its components of castor (Ricinus communis). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 2(4): 312-318. (In Persian).
Yazdi Samadi, B., and K. Postini. 1994. Principles of crop production. Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Zeinali, E., A. Soltani, M. Khadempir, M. Tourani, and F. Sheikh. 2014. Studying the response of yield components, grain and green pod yield of two faba bean cultivars to inter- row spacing in normal and late seeding dates. Journal of Crop Improvement. 15(4): 195-210. (In Persian).