مطالعه اثرات زیست محیطی اگرواکوسیستم ذرت (.Zea mays L) با استفاده از روش ارزیابی چرخه حیات: مطالعه موردی نظام تولید دانه و علوفه ذرت
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعینفیسه هاشم پور 1 , محمدرضا اردکانی 2 , عبدالمجید مهدوی دامغانی 3 , فرزاد پاک نژاد 4 , محمدنبی ایلکایی 5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
2 - استاد گروه زراعت، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
3 - دانشیار اگرواکولوژی، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
4 - استاد گروه زراعت، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
5 - دانشیار گروه زراعت، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
کلید واژه: سمیت, ارزیابی چرخه حیات, یوتریفیکاسیون, گرمایش جهانی, اسیدی شدن,
چکیده مقاله :
ارزیابی چرخه حیات (LCA) نوعی ابزار تصمیم گیری است که وضعیت زیست محیطی یک محصول، فعالیت های تولیدی و فرآیندها را در طول عمر مفید یک محصول، برآورد می نماید. پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی چرخه حیات (LCA) نظام تولید دانه و علوفه ذرت در شهرستان کرج می باشد. در این تحقیق، دو سیستم محصول مورد استفاده قرار گرفته اند: ذرتی که برای دانه تولید گردید بدون اینکه علوفه آن جمع آوری شود (CRN) (نظام تولید دانه) و ذرتی که با هدف برداشت محصول علوفه (CSR) (نظام تولید علوفه) کشت شده است. محصولات در سیستم (CSR) علوفه و دانه ذرت می باشند درحالی که محصول در سیستم CRN تنها دانه ذرت است که در بازه زمانی سال 1395-1390 بررسی گردیده است. محاسبه شاخص زیست محیطی برای نظام تولید دانه و علوفه ذرت در شرایط آب و هوایی کرج بر اساس شش گروه مؤثر (تخلیه منابع، اسیدی شدن، سمیت، تغییر اقلیم، یوتریفیکاسیون (مردابی شدن) و تغییر کاربری اراضی) نشان داد که بالاترین شاخص آلایندگی، بعد از گروه تخلیه منابع، در گروه مؤثر اسیدی شدن (در نظام های تولید دانه وعلوفه ذرت به ترتیب 0/90و 0/34) حاصل شد و بعد از آن بیشترین اثرات زیست محیطی برای گروه مؤثر گرمایش جهانی یا تغییر اقلیم (در نظام های تولید دانه و علوفه ذرت به ترتیب 0/51 و 0/18) به دست آمد. بدین ترتیب، چنین به نظر می رسد که بتوان از روش های مختلف مدیریت نظام زراعی بر مبنای بهره گیری از اصول کم نهاده نظیر کاربرد انواع نهاده های آلی، کاشت گیاهان تثبیت کننده نیتروژن و چندساله، استفاده از تناوب زراعی، بهره گیری از الگوهای متفاوت کاشت نظیر کشت مخلوط، اعمال خاکورزی حداقل و کاهش مصرف انواع نهاده های شیمیایی برای کاهش اثرات زیست محیطی این نظام تولیدی مخصوصاً در نظام تولید دانه ذرت بر گروه های مؤثر تخلیه سوخت های فسیلی، اسیدی شدن و تغییر اقلیم استفاده کرد و در نتیجه کاهش سهم این اثرات زیست محیطی را موجب شد.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a decision-making tool that assesses the environmental status, production activities, and processes during the useful life of a crop. It should be borne in mind that the LCA uses a variety of techniques for economic, social, and environmental estimates of crops, as well as their activities, processes, and the consumed energy efficiency.The present study evaluates the LCA in corn seed and corn stover production systems in Karaj by the use of two cropping systems: corn produced for seed only, without collecting corn stover (CRN) (seed corn production system) and corn produced to harvest stover (CSR) (corn stover production system). Which were investigated during the years of 2011-2016. Environmental indices were calculated for the CRN and CSR based on six impact categories under Karaj climatic conditions. The highest pollutant index, after resource depletion, was found in acidification impact category (0.90 and 0.34 for the CRN and CSR, respectively), followed by the highest environmental impacts for global warming or climate change impact categories (0.51 and 0.18 for the CRN and CSR, respectively). Therefore, it seems that different methods of farming system management can be utilized based on the use of low-input principles, such as using various organic inputs, planting nitrogen-fixing and perennial plants, the use of crop rotation, utilizing different planting patterns such as intercropping, minimum tillage, and decreased use of chemical inputs, to reduce the environmental impact of this production system, particularly the CRN, on fossil fuel depletion, acidification, and climate change impact categories, thereby reducing the shares of these environmental impacts.
2003. FAO. World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. http://www.fao.org.
2006. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO 14040: (E) Environmental Management– Life Cycle Assessment– Principles and Framework. https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
Avadí, A., M. Marcin, and Y. Biard. 2020. Life cycle assessment of organic and conventional non-bt cotton products from Mali. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 25: 678–697.
Braschkat, J., A. Patyk, M. Quirin, and G.A. Reinhardt. 2003. Life cycle assessment of bread production–a comparison of eight different scenarios. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector. October 6 -8, Bygholm, Denmark. , P: 9-16. URL: http://gefionau.dk/ lcafood/ lca_conf/DJFrapport_pap...
Brentrup, F., J. Kusters, H. Kuhlmann, and J. Lammel. 2004a. Environmental impacts assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment methodology, I. Theorical concept of a LCA method tailored to crop production. European Journal of Agronomy. 20: 247-264.
Brentrup, F., J. Küsters, J. Lammel, and H. Kuhlmann. 2002 a. Impact assessment of abiotic resources consumption-conceptual considerations. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 7: 301–307.
Brentrup, F., J. Küsters, J. Lammel, and H. Kuhlmann. 2002 b. Life cycle impact assessment of land use based on the Hemeroby concept. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 7: 339–348.
Brentrup, F., J. Kusters, J. Lammel, P. Barraclough, and H. Kuhlmann. 2004b. Environmental impacts assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. II. The application to N fertilizer use in winter wheat production systems. European Journal of Agronomy. 20: 265-279.
Charles, R., O. Jolliet, G. Aillard, and D. Pellet. 2006. Environmental analysis of intensity level in wheat crop production using life cycle assessment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 113: 216-225.
Davaran Hagh, E., B. Mirshekari, M.R. Ardakani, F. Farahvash, and F. Rejali. 2016. Optimizing phosphorus use in sustainable maize cropping via mycorrhizal inoculation. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 39: 1348-1356.
Fallahpour, F., A. Aminghafouri, A. Ghalegolab Behbahani, and M. Bannayan. 2012. The environmental impact assessment of wheat and barley production by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 14: 979-992.
Filippa, F., F. Panara, D. Leonardi, L. Arcioni, and O. Calderini. 2020. Life Cycle Assessment Analysis of Alfalfa and Corn for Biogas Production in a Farm Case Study. 8: 1285. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101285
Finkbeiner, M., A. Inaba, R.B.H. Tan, K. Christiansen, and H.J. Klüppel. 2006. The new international standards for life cycle assessment: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 11: 80–85.
Finnveden, G., M.Z. Hauschild, T. Ekvall, and S. Suh. 2009. Recent developments in life cycle assessment. Journal of Environmental Management. 91: 1-21.
Gasol, C.M., X. Gabarrell, A. Anton, M. Rigola, J. Carrasco, M.J. Ciria, and J. Rieradevall. 2007. Life cycle assessment of a Brassica carinata bioenergy cropping system in southern Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy. 31: 543-555.
Ghasemi-Mobtaker, H., A. Kaab, and Sh. Rafiee. 2020. Application of life cycle analysis to assess environmental sustainability of wheat cultivation in the west of Iran. Energy. 193:
Ghasempour, A., and E. Ahmadi. 2018. Evaluation of environmental effects in producing three main crops (corn, wheat and soybean) using life cycle assessment. Agricultural Engineering International. 20: 126-137.
Guinée, J.B. 2001. Life cycle assessment: An operational guide to the ISO standards. Leiden: Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Holland.
Hoseinzade, H., M.R. Ardakani, A. Shahdi, H. Asadi Rahmani, G. Noormohammadi, and M. Miransari. 2016. Rice (Oryza sativa) nutrient management using mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic Herbaspirillum seropedicae. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 15: 1385-1394.
Khan, S., and A. Khan. 2010. Latif. Energy requirement and economic analysis of wheat, rice and barley production in Australia. Soil & Environment. 29: 61-68.
Khan, S., M.A. Khan, M.A. Hanjra, and J. Mu. 2009. Pathways to reduce the environmental footprints of water and input energy in food production. Food Policy. 34: 141–149.
Khanali, M., B. Elhami, H. Islami, and S. Hosseinpour. 2018. Evaluation and comparison of environmental indices of hybrid maize (Zea mays) hybrids with three different harvesting methods in Alborz province using life cycle assessment method. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology. 9(4): 892-909. (In Persian).
Khoramdel, S., R. Ghorbani, and A. Amin Ghafori. 2014. Comparison of environmental impacts for dryland and irrigated barley agroecosystems of Iran by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Journal of Plant Production Research. 22(1): 243-264. (In Persian).
Khorramdel, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and A. Mollafilabi. 2019. Study of life cycle assessment (LCA) for corn production system under Mashhad climatic conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 11(3): 925-939. (In Persian).
Kim, S., B.E. Dale, and R. Jenkins. 2009. Life cycle assessment of corn grain and corn stover in the United States. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 14: 160–174.
Krejcie, R.V., and D.W. Morgan. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30: 607–610.
Liang, L., R.B.G. Lal, Zh. Ridoutt Du, D. Wang, L. Wang, W. Wu, and G. Zhao. 2018. Life cycle assessment of China’s agroecosystems. Ecological Indicators. 88: 341–350.
Marashi, F., N. Jafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, N. Khorasani, and S.M. Monavari. 2018. Life cycle assessment of the sugar industry: A case study of Amir Kabir Sugar Cane Industry. Iranian Biosystems Engineering. 49: 608-597. (In Persian).
Mardukhi, B., F. Rejali, G. Daei, M.R. Ardakani, M.J. Malakouti, and M. Miransari. 2015. Mineral uptake of mycorrhizal wheat (Triticum aestivum ) under salinity stress. Commun. Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 46: 343-357.
Margni, M., D. Rossier, P. Crettaz, and O. Jolliet. 2002. Life cycle assessment of pesticides on human health and ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 93: 379–392.
Meisterling, K., C. Samaras, and V. Schweizer. 2009. Decisions to reduce greenhouse gases from agriculture and product transport: LCA case study of organic and conventional wheat. Journal of Cleaner Production.17: 222-230.
Nasiri Mahallati, M., and A.S. Koocheki. 2018. Life cycle assessment in the ecosystem of wheat production systems (Triticum aestivum ) Iran: 1- Comparison of levels of input consumption. Agricultural Ecology. 9: 992-972. (In Persian).
Nemecek, T., O. Huguenin, D. Dubois, and G. Gaillard. 2011. Life cycle assessment of Swiss farming systems: I. Integrated and organic farming. Agricultural Systems. 104: 217-232.
Nie, S.W., W.S. Gao, Y.Q. Chen, P. Sui, and A.E. Eneji. 2010. Use of life cycle assessment methodology for determining phytoremediation potentials of maize-based cropping systems in fields with nitrogen fertilizer over-dose. Journal of Cleaner Production. 18: 1530-1534.
Nikkhah, A., M. Khojastehpour, B. Emadi, A. Taheri-Rad, and S. Khorramdel. 2015. Environmental impacts of peanut production system using life cycle assessment methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production. 92: 84-90.
Prasad, S., A. Singh, N.E. Korres, D. Rathore, S. Sevda, and D. Pant. 2020. Sustainable utilization of crop residues for energy generation: A life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. Bioresource Technology. 303,
Robertson, G.P., and P.M. Vitousek. 2009. Nitrogen in agriculture: balancing the cost of an essential resource. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 34: 97-125.
Roy, P., D. Nei, T. Orikasa, Q. Xu, and H. Okadome. 2009. A review of cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. Journal of Food Engineering. 90: 1-10.
Supasri, T., N. Itsubo, S.H. Gheewala, H.G. Shabbir, and S. Sate. 2020. Life cycle assessment of maize cultivation and biomass utilization in northern Thailand. Scientific Reports. 10, 3516. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60532-2
Tilman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D'antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, and D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science. 292(5515): 281-284.
_||_2003. FAO. World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. http://www.fao.org.
2006. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO 14040: (E) Environmental Management– Life Cycle Assessment– Principles and Framework. https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
Avadí, A., M. Marcin, and Y. Biard. 2020. Life cycle assessment of organic and conventional non-bt cotton products from Mali. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 25: 678–697.
Braschkat, J., A. Patyk, M. Quirin, and G.A. Reinhardt. 2003. Life cycle assessment of bread production–a comparison of eight different scenarios. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector. October 6 -8, Bygholm, Denmark. , P: 9-16. URL: http://gefionau.dk/ lcafood/ lca_conf/DJFrapport_pap...
Brentrup, F., J. Kusters, H. Kuhlmann, and J. Lammel. 2004a. Environmental impacts assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment methodology, I. Theorical concept of a LCA method tailored to crop production. European Journal of Agronomy. 20: 247-264.
Brentrup, F., J. Küsters, J. Lammel, and H. Kuhlmann. 2002 a. Impact assessment of abiotic resources consumption-conceptual considerations. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 7: 301–307.
Brentrup, F., J. Küsters, J. Lammel, and H. Kuhlmann. 2002 b. Life cycle impact assessment of land use based on the Hemeroby concept. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 7: 339–348.
Brentrup, F., J. Kusters, J. Lammel, P. Barraclough, and H. Kuhlmann. 2004b. Environmental impacts assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. II. The application to N fertilizer use in winter wheat production systems. European Journal of Agronomy. 20: 265-279.
Charles, R., O. Jolliet, G. Aillard, and D. Pellet. 2006. Environmental analysis of intensity level in wheat crop production using life cycle assessment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 113: 216-225.
Davaran Hagh, E., B. Mirshekari, M.R. Ardakani, F. Farahvash, and F. Rejali. 2016. Optimizing phosphorus use in sustainable maize cropping via mycorrhizal inoculation. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 39: 1348-1356.
Fallahpour, F., A. Aminghafouri, A. Ghalegolab Behbahani, and M. Bannayan. 2012. The environmental impact assessment of wheat and barley production by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 14: 979-992.
Filippa, F., F. Panara, D. Leonardi, L. Arcioni, and O. Calderini. 2020. Life Cycle Assessment Analysis of Alfalfa and Corn for Biogas Production in a Farm Case Study. 8: 1285. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101285
Finkbeiner, M., A. Inaba, R.B.H. Tan, K. Christiansen, and H.J. Klüppel. 2006. The new international standards for life cycle assessment: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 11: 80–85.
Finnveden, G., M.Z. Hauschild, T. Ekvall, and S. Suh. 2009. Recent developments in life cycle assessment. Journal of Environmental Management. 91: 1-21.
Gasol, C.M., X. Gabarrell, A. Anton, M. Rigola, J. Carrasco, M.J. Ciria, and J. Rieradevall. 2007. Life cycle assessment of a Brassica carinata bioenergy cropping system in southern Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy. 31: 543-555.
Ghasemi-Mobtaker, H., A. Kaab, and Sh. Rafiee. 2020. Application of life cycle analysis to assess environmental sustainability of wheat cultivation in the west of Iran. Energy. 193:
Ghasempour, A., and E. Ahmadi. 2018. Evaluation of environmental effects in producing three main crops (corn, wheat and soybean) using life cycle assessment. Agricultural Engineering International. 20: 126-137.
Guinée, J.B. 2001. Life cycle assessment: An operational guide to the ISO standards. Leiden: Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Holland.
Hoseinzade, H., M.R. Ardakani, A. Shahdi, H. Asadi Rahmani, G. Noormohammadi, and M. Miransari. 2016. Rice (Oryza sativa) nutrient management using mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic Herbaspirillum seropedicae. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 15: 1385-1394.
Khan, S., and A. Khan. 2010. Latif. Energy requirement and economic analysis of wheat, rice and barley production in Australia. Soil & Environment. 29: 61-68.
Khan, S., M.A. Khan, M.A. Hanjra, and J. Mu. 2009. Pathways to reduce the environmental footprints of water and input energy in food production. Food Policy. 34: 141–149.
Khanali, M., B. Elhami, H. Islami, and S. Hosseinpour. 2018. Evaluation and comparison of environmental indices of hybrid maize (Zea mays) hybrids with three different harvesting methods in Alborz province using life cycle assessment method. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology. 9(4): 892-909. (In Persian).
Khoramdel, S., R. Ghorbani, and A. Amin Ghafori. 2014. Comparison of environmental impacts for dryland and irrigated barley agroecosystems of Iran by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Journal of Plant Production Research. 22(1): 243-264. (In Persian).
Khorramdel, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and A. Mollafilabi. 2019. Study of life cycle assessment (LCA) for corn production system under Mashhad climatic conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 11(3): 925-939. (In Persian).
Kim, S., B.E. Dale, and R. Jenkins. 2009. Life cycle assessment of corn grain and corn stover in the United States. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 14: 160–174.
Krejcie, R.V., and D.W. Morgan. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30: 607–610.
Liang, L., R.B.G. Lal, Zh. Ridoutt Du, D. Wang, L. Wang, W. Wu, and G. Zhao. 2018. Life cycle assessment of China’s agroecosystems. Ecological Indicators. 88: 341–350.
Marashi, F., N. Jafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, N. Khorasani, and S.M. Monavari. 2018. Life cycle assessment of the sugar industry: A case study of Amir Kabir Sugar Cane Industry. Iranian Biosystems Engineering. 49: 608-597. (In Persian).
Mardukhi, B., F. Rejali, G. Daei, M.R. Ardakani, M.J. Malakouti, and M. Miransari. 2015. Mineral uptake of mycorrhizal wheat (Triticum aestivum ) under salinity stress. Commun. Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 46: 343-357.
Margni, M., D. Rossier, P. Crettaz, and O. Jolliet. 2002. Life cycle assessment of pesticides on human health and ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 93: 379–392.
Meisterling, K., C. Samaras, and V. Schweizer. 2009. Decisions to reduce greenhouse gases from agriculture and product transport: LCA case study of organic and conventional wheat. Journal of Cleaner Production.17: 222-230.
Nasiri Mahallati, M., and A.S. Koocheki. 2018. Life cycle assessment in the ecosystem of wheat production systems (Triticum aestivum ) Iran: 1- Comparison of levels of input consumption. Agricultural Ecology. 9: 992-972. (In Persian).
Nemecek, T., O. Huguenin, D. Dubois, and G. Gaillard. 2011. Life cycle assessment of Swiss farming systems: I. Integrated and organic farming. Agricultural Systems. 104: 217-232.
Nie, S.W., W.S. Gao, Y.Q. Chen, P. Sui, and A.E. Eneji. 2010. Use of life cycle assessment methodology for determining phytoremediation potentials of maize-based cropping systems in fields with nitrogen fertilizer over-dose. Journal of Cleaner Production. 18: 1530-1534.
Nikkhah, A., M. Khojastehpour, B. Emadi, A. Taheri-Rad, and S. Khorramdel. 2015. Environmental impacts of peanut production system using life cycle assessment methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production. 92: 84-90.
Prasad, S., A. Singh, N.E. Korres, D. Rathore, S. Sevda, and D. Pant. 2020. Sustainable utilization of crop residues for energy generation: A life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. Bioresource Technology. 303,
Robertson, G.P., and P.M. Vitousek. 2009. Nitrogen in agriculture: balancing the cost of an essential resource. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 34: 97-125.
Roy, P., D. Nei, T. Orikasa, Q. Xu, and H. Okadome. 2009. A review of cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. Journal of Food Engineering. 90: 1-10.
Supasri, T., N. Itsubo, S.H. Gheewala, H.G. Shabbir, and S. Sate. 2020. Life cycle assessment of maize cultivation and biomass utilization in northern Thailand. Scientific Reports. 10, 3516. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60532-2
Tilman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D'antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, and D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science. 292(5515): 281-284.