اثر توأم تنش سرما و خشکی بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و کارآیی مصرف آب برخی از هیبریدهای ذرت (Zea mays L.)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیمحسن طریق الاسلامی 1 , محمد کافی 2 , احمد نظامی 3 , رضا ضرغامی 4
1 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
4 - پژوهشکده بیوتکنولوژی (ابری) کرج، ایران
کلید واژه: شاخص برداشت, نیاز آبی, بهره وری آب, برهمکنش, بیولوژیک,
چکیده مقاله :
تنش های سرما و خشکی، از مهم ترین عوامل محدود کننده تولید گیـاهان زراعی محسـوب می شوند. به منظور بررسی اثر توأم تنش سرما و خشکی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد هیبریدهای ذرت، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1393در گلخانه و مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به اجرا در آمد. در این آزمایش عامل اصلی تنش سرما در دو سطح (عدم تنش سرما و تنش سرما در مرحله چهار برگی)، عامل فرعی شامل سه سطح تنش خشکی (آبیاری معادل 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه، آبیاری معادل 75 درصد نیاز آبی و آبیاری معادل 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه) و عامل فرعی فرعی سه هیبرید ذرت (سینگل کراس 704، سینگل کراس 400 و سینگل کراس 260) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر سطوح تنش خشکی و هیبریدها تفاوت معنی داری در صفات مورد آزمایش از خود نشان دادند، برهمکنش تنش سرما و خشکی و ارقام مختلف ذرت بر صفات مورد مطالعه (تعداد دانه در بلال، وزن ۱۰۰ دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیکی و شاخص برداشت) معنی دار بودند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه با میزان 7887 کیلوگرم در هکتار و سینگل کراس 400 با عملکرد 6862 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار 100 درصـد نیـاز آبی گیاه به دست آمدند. سینگل کراس 400 بالاترین میزان بهره وری آب را که همسو با عملکرد دانه بود و سینگل کراس 704 بالاترین کارآیی مصرف آب را دارا بودند و کارآیی مصرف آب برای تولید ماده خشک درشرایط محدودیت آبی افزایش یافت. در برهمکنش تنش سرمازدگی و خشکی بالاترین کارآیی مصرف آب به تیمار عدم تنش سرمازدگی با 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه تعلق داشت.
Cold and drought stresses are considered as the most important factors limiting crop production. To evaluate the effect of these tow stresses on yield and yield components of corn hybrids, a field experiment was implemented in split plots based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replicates during 2014 at the Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In this research, chilling stress in two levels (i.e. non-stress, and cold stress) is considered as the main factor and three levels of drought stress (i.e. irrigation equivalent to 100% of plants water requirement, non-stress as control, irrigation equivalent to 75% of plants water requirement, and irrigation equivalent to 50% of plants water requirement) as sub factor and three hybrid corn (i.e. single-cross 704, single-cross 400, single-cross 260). The results showed that the effects of drought and hybrids on traits under study were significant. Cold and drought stresses interaction of different corn varieties on the traits under study (seed number per ear, 100-seed weight, yield, biological yield and harvest index) was also significant. The highest seed yields of hybrid 704 and hybrid 400 under 100% water requirement were 7887 and 6862 kg.ha-1 respectively. Single-cross 400 variety had the highest water productivity in line with the 704 variety with the highest grain yield and water consumption efficiency, water consumption efficiency for biomass production in water-limited conditions increased. Finally, it shows that cold and drought stress interaction resulted in highest water consumption efficiency in the treatments of non-chilling stress and 100% water requirement.
· Abo-El-Kheir, M.S.A., and B.B. Mekki. 2007. Response of maize cross–10 to water deficitsduring silking and grain filling stages. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3(3): 269–272.
· Allen, R.G., L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper. 56.
· Calir, R. 2004. Effect of water stress at differentdevelopment stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research. 89(1): 1-16.
· Daneshmand, A.R., A.H. Shirani-Rad, Gh. Nour-Mohammadi, Gh. Zarei, and J. Daneshian. 2008. Effect of irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels on seed yield and seed quality of two rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 10 (3): 244-261. (In Persian).
· Daneshmand, F., M.J. Arvin, B. Keramat, and N. Momeni. 2013. Interctive effect of salt Stress and salicylic acid on germination and plant growth parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) under field condations. Journal of Plant Process Function. 1(1): 56-70. (In Persian).
· Farre, I., and J.M. Faci. 2006. Comparative response of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to deficit irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management. 83: 135- 143.
· Farre, I., and J.M. Faci. 2009. Deficit irrigation in maize for reducing agricultural water use in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management. 96: 383–394.
· Fatemi, R., B. Kahrarian, A. Ghanbari, and M. Valizade. 2006. Effects of different irrigation regimes and water requirements on yield and corn single cross 704. Journal ofSpecialAgricultural Sciences. 12(1): 133-140. (In Persian).
· Henthe, Z., and R. Aminian. 2017. Response of Late Maturing Hybrids Seed Corn to the Application of Potassium Sulfate under Deficit I rrigation. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 2(11):283-302. (In Persian).
· Johnston, A.M., and D.B. Fowler. 1992. Response of no-till winter wheat to nitrogen fertilization and drought stress. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 72: 1075-1089.
· Kaman, H., C. Kirda, and S. Sesveren. 2011. Genotypic differences of maize in grain yield response to deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 98: 801-807.
· Karimi, M., M. Esfahani, M.H. Biglouei, B. Rabiei, and A. Kafi-Ghasemi. 2009. Effect of deficit irrigation treatments on morphological traits and growth indices of forage corn in the Rasht climate. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 2: 91-110. (In Persian).
· Larson, E.J., and M.O. Clegg. 2009. Using corn maturity to maintain grain yield in the presence of late season drought. Journal of Production Agriculture. 12: 400-405.
· Lukatkin, A., A. Brazaitye, Č. Bobinas, and P. Duchovskis. 2012. Chilling injury in chilling –sensitive plants. A Review. Zemdirbyste Agriculture. 99(2): 111-124.
· Lyle, W.M., and J.P. Bordvosky. 1995. Leap corn irrigation with limited water supplies. Transaction of the Asae. 38: 455-462.
· Majidian, M., A. Ghalavand, A.A. Kamkar-Haghighi, and N. Karimian. 2008. Effects of drought stress, nitrogen fertilizer and manure on chlorophyll meter readings, yield and yield components of maize SC 704. Iranian Journal of CropSciences. 10(3):303-330. (In Persian).
· Majidian, M., and H. Ghadiri. 2002. Effects of water stress at different stages and different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components, water use efficiency and physiological characteristics of corn. Iranian Journalof Agricultural Sciences. 33(3):521-533. (In Persian).
· Mirhadi, M. 2001. Corn research, education and extension. Ministry of Jihad-Keshavarzi. 1-214. (In Persian).
· Nesmith, D.S., and J.T. Ritchie. 1992. Short- and long- term responses of corn to a pre- anthesis soil water deficit. Agronmy Journal. 84: 107-113.
· Nour-Mohamadi, G., A. Siadat, and A. Kashani. 2001. The cultivation of crops. Chamran University Press.1- 446. (In Persian).
· Panahi, M., R. Naseri, and R. Solemani. 2010. Efficiency of some sweet corn hybrids at two sowing dates in central Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 6 (1): 51-55.
· Pandy, R.K., and J.W. Maranvill. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment. Shoot growth nitrogen uptake and water extraction. Agricultural Water Management. 46 (1): 15-27.
· Ranjbar, H. 2005. Effects of water stress and physiological appearance of thinning at various stages of growth, yield and yield components of corn hybrids 704. M.S. Dissertation. Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran. (In Persian).
· Shikhi, M., N Sajedi Gharayazi, and M. Girani. 2012. Effects of water stress on agronomic characteristics of hybrids Arak conditions. Iranian Journal of CropSciences. 8(3): 101-110. (In Persian).
· Shoa Hosseini, M., M. Farsi, and S. Khavari Khorasani. 2008. Investigation of water deficit stress on yield and yield components using path analysis in some corn hybrids. Journal of Agricultural Science. 18 (1): 71-85. (In Persian).
· Solimanifard, A., and R. Naseri. 2016. The Effects of irrigation regemes and planting patterns on seed yield and some agronomic traits of maize (S.C. 604). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1 (37): 201-212. (In Persian).
· Tarighaleslami, M., R. Zarghami, M. Mashhadi- boojar, and M. Oveysi. 2012. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics SC704 maize varieties under drought stress conditions and levels of nitrogen fertilizer. JournalFarmon the Edge ofthe Desert. 9(1):75-92. (In Persian).
Yazdani, M., M.A, Bahmanyar, H. Pirdashti, and M.A. Esmaili. 2009. Effect of phosphate solubilization microorganisms and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components of corn. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 3: 2-12.
Zinselmeier, C., M.E. Westagate, and R.J. Jones. 1995. Kern set at low water potential does not vary with source/sink in maize. Crop Science. 35: 158-163.