اثر محلول پاشی کیتوزان و سالیسیلیک اسید بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و کیفیت اسانس گیاه بادرنجبویه (.Melissa officinalis L)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
نگین صفری کمال آبادی
1
(گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران)
ناصر محبعلی پور
2
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران)
مهدی اورعی
3
(گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران)
حسن نورافکن
4
(گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران)
اسد اسدی
5
(گروه دامپزشکی، واحد میانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میانه، ایران)
کلید واژه: اسانس, شاخص کلروفیل, بادرنجبویه, تولید ماده خشک, محرک های زیستی,
چکیده مقاله :
بادرنجبویه گیاهی بوته ای معطر و چند ساله با خواص دارویی و بیولوژیکی است که پراکنش عمده آن مربوط به منطقه مدیترانه و آسیا می باشد. اثرات محلول پاشی در ابتدای دوره رشد با ترکیبات سالیسیلیک اسید (50، 100، 150 و 200 میلی گرم در لیتر) و کیتوزان (50، 100، 150 و 200 میلی گرم در لیتر) بر صفات رویشی، درصد اسانس و ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس گیاه بادرنجبویه در دو مرحله مختلف برداشت (رویشی و گلدهی) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بالاترین مقدار شاخص کلروفیل از تیمارهای محلول پاشی 150 و 200 میلی گرم در لیتر کیتوزان به دست آمد. استفاده از کیتوزان در تمام غلظت ها به جز 50 میلی گرم در لیتر به طور قابل توجهی ارتفاع گیاه بادرنجبویه را در مقایسه با تیمار عدم محلول پاشی بهبود بخشید. وزن خشک برگ و وزن خشک اندام های هوایی بوته با افزایش غلظت های سالیسیلیک اسید و کیتوزان افزایش یافت. میزان ترکیبات اسانس بادرنجبویه (citronellal, caryophyllene, linalool, carvacrol, α-pinene, geraniol) در مرحله برداشت گلدهی، به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از مرحله برداشت رویشی بود. همچنین، محلول پاشی کیتوزان نسبت به سالیسیلیک اسید در افزایش میزان ترکیبات اسانس بادرنجبویه مؤثرتر بود. محتوای اسانس در مرحله برداشت رویشی بین 0/07 و 0/09 درصد و در مرحله برداشت گلدهی بین 0/3 و 0/52 درصد متغیر بود. بیشترین مقدار اسانس (0/52 درصد) از مرحله برداشت گلدهی با محلول پاشی 200 میلی گرم در لیتر کیتوزان به دست آمد. یافته های مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که سالیسیلیک اسید و کیتوزان هر دو از پتانسیل بالایی در تولید زیست توده و افزایش ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس در گیاه بادرنجبویه برخوردار می باشند.
Lemon balm is an aromatic and perennial bushy plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties, which extensively distributed in the Mediterranean region and Asia. The effects of salicylic acid (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) and chitosan (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) foliar application on plant parameters, essential oil and chemical compositions of lemon balm at two different harvest stages (seedling and flowering) were evaluated. The results showed that the highest values of chlorophyll index obtained from foliar application of 150 and 200 mg/L chitosan. Application of chitosan (all concentration levels except 50 mg.L-1) significantly improved the plant height of lemon balm compared with the control. Leaf and dry weight of aerial parts per plant increased with increasing in salicylic acid and chitosan concentrations. The essential oil compounds of lemon balm (citronellal, caryophyllene, linalool, carvacrol, α-pinene, geraniol) at flowering harvest stage were significantly higher than the seedling harvest stage. Foliar application of chitosan was more effective than salicylic acid in increasing essential oil compounds of lemon balm. The essential oil content ranged between 0.07% and 0.09% in the seedling harvest stage and between 0.30% and 0.52% in the flowering harvest stage. The highest value of essential oil (0.52%) was recorded from the flowering harvest stage with foliar application of 200 mg.L-1 chitosan. The findings of the current study showed that both elicitors possess strong potential in biomass production and enhancement of essential oil compounds in lemon balm.
Abd EL-Gawad, H.G., and A.M. Bondok. 2015. Response of tomato plants to salicylic acid and chitosan under infection with tomato mosaic virus. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. 15: 1520-1529.
Abdel-Mawgoud, M.R., A.S. Tantawy, M.A. El-Nemr, and Y.N. Sassine. 2010. Growth and yield responses of strawberry plants to chitosan application. European Journal of Scientific Research. 39(1): 170-171.
Avci, A.B., and R.R.A. Giachino. 2016. Harvest stage effects on some yield and quality characteristics of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Industrial Crops and Products. 88: 23-27.
Ayanoglu, F., M. Arslan, and A. Hatay. 2005. Effects of harvesting stages, harvesting hours and drying methods on essential oil content of lemon balm grown in Eastern Mediterranean. International Journal of Botany. 1(2): 138-142.
Bakkali, F., S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck, and M. Idaomar. 2008. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 46(2): 446-475.
Barka, A.E., P. Eullaffroy, C. Clement, and G. Vernet. 2004. Chitosan improves development, and protects Vitis vinifera against Botrytis cinereal. Plant Cell Reports. 22(8): 608-614.
Basta, A., O. Tzakou, and M. Couladis. 2005. Composition of the leaves essential oil of Melissa officinalis from Greece. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 20(6): 642-644.
Bideshki, A., and M.J. Arvin. 2010. Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and drought stress on growth, bulb yield and allicin content of garlic (Allium sativum) in field. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 2: 73-79. (In Persian).
Boonlertnirun, S., C. Boonraung, and R. Suvanasara. 2008. Application of chitosan in rice production. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals. 18(2): 47-52.
Böttcher, H., I. Günther, and R. Franke. 2000. Physiological postharvest response of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Journal of Medicinal and Spice Plants. 5: 145-153.
Burt, 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods- A Review. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94(3): 223-253.
Capecka, E., A. Mareczek, and M. Leja. 2005. Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry herbs of some Lamiaceae species. Food Chemistry. 93(2): 223-226.
Chibu, H., and H. Shibayama. 2001. Effects of chitosan applications on the growth of several crops. In: Uragami Kurita, K., Fukamizo, T. (eds.), Chitin and Chitosan in Life Science. Yamaguchi. Pp. 235–239.
Chookhongkha, N., S. Miyagawa, Y. Jirakiattikul, and S. Photchanachai. 2012. Chili growth and seed productivity as affected by chitosan; Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture Technology and Food Sciences (ICATFS’2012); Manila, Philippines. 17–18 November; pp. 146-149.
Devlieghere, F., A. Vermeulen, and J. Debevere. 2004. Chitosan: antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables. Food Microbiology. 21(6): 703-714.
Dzung, N.A., and N.T. Thang. 2004. Effect of oligoglucosamine on the growth and development of peanut (Arachis hypogea ). In Khor, E. Hutmacher, D. Yong, L.L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Asia- Pacific on Chitin, Chitosan Symposium Singapore.
Dzung, N.A., V.T. Phuong khanh, and T.T. Dzung. 2011. Research on impact of chitosan oligomers on biophysical characteristics, growth, development and drought resistance of coffee. In Carbohydrate Polymers. 84: 751-755.
Emami Bistgani, Z., S.A. Siadat, A. Bakhshandeh, A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, and M. Hashemi. 2017. Interactive effects of drought stress and chitosan application on physiological characteristics and essential oil yield of Thymus daenensis The Crop Journals. 5 (5): 407-415.
Farooq, M, A. Wahid, D.J. Lee, S.A. Cheema, and T. Aziz. 2010. Comparative time course action of the foliar applied glycinebetaine, salicylic acid, nitrous oxide, brassinosteroids and spermine in improving drought resistance of rice. Journal of Agriculture Crop Science. 196: 336-345.
Farouk, S., K.M. Ghoneem, and A.A. Abeer. 2008. Induction and expression of systematic resistance to downy mildew disease in cucumber plant by elicitors. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology. 1: 95-111.
Gharib, F.A.E. 2006. Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, metabolic activities and oil content of basil and marjoram. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 8(4): 485-492.
Ghasemi, M., K. Arzani, A. Yadollahi, S. Ghasemi, and S. Sarikhani khorrami. 2011. Estimate of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content in Asian Pear (Pyrus serotina) by CCM-200. Notulae Scientia Biologica. 3(1):91-94.
Ghasemi-Pirbalouti, A., M. Rahmani-Samani, M. Hashemi, and H. Zeinali. 2014. Salicylic acid affects growth, essential oil and chemical compositions of thyme (Thymus daenensis) under reduced irrigation. Plant Growth Regulation. 72(3): 289-301.
Ghoname, A.A., M.A. EL-Nemr, A.M.R. Abdel-Mawgoud, and W.A. El-Tohamy. 2010. Enhancement of sweet pepper crop growth and production by application of biological, organic and nutritional solutions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science. 6(7): 349- 355.
Guan, Y.J., J. Hu, X.J. Wang, and C.X. Shao. 2009. Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress. Journal of Zheijang University Science B. 10: 427-433.
Gupta, A., and N. Kaur. 2005. Sugar signaling and gene expression in relation to carbohydrate metabolism under abiotic stress in plant. Journal of Bioscience. 30: 761-776.
Hawrylak-Nowak, B., S. Dresler, K. Rubinowska, and R. Matraszek-Gawron. 2020. Eliciting effect of foliar application of chitosan lactate on the phytochemical properties of Ocimum basilicum and Melissa officinalis L. Food Chemistry. 342: 1-34.
Heng, Y., C. Xavier, F. Lars, P. Chritensen, and G. Kai. 2012. Chitosan oligosaccharides promote the content of polyphenol in Greek Oregano (Origanum vulgare Hirtum). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 60: 136-143.
Idrees, M., M.M.A. Khan, T. Aftab, M. Naeem, and N. Hashmi. 2010. Salicylic acid-induced physiological and biochemical changes in lemongrass varietiesunder water stress. Journal of Plant Interactions. 5(4): 293-303.
Kang, S.M., H.Y. Jung, Y.M. Kang, D.J. Yun, J.D. Bahk, J.K. Yang, and M.S. Choi. 2004. Effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on the production of tropane alkaloids and the expression of PMT and H6H in adventitious root cultures of Scopolia parviflora. Plant Science. 166: 745-751.
H., and S. Naderi. 2014. The effect of chitosan on some antioxidant enzymes activity and biochemictry characterization in melissa (Melissa officinalis). Research Journal of Crop Science in Arid Area. 1: 100-116. (In Persian).
Kim, H.J., F. Chen, X. Wang, and N.C. Rajapakse. 2005. Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53(9): 3696-3701.
Kováčik, J., J. Grúz, M. Bačkor, M. Strnad, and M. Repčák. 2009. Salicylic acid-induced changes to growth and phenolic metabolism in Matricaria chamomilla Plant Cell Reports. 28(1): 135-143.
Limpanavech, P., S. Chaiyasuta, R. Vongpromek, R. Pichyangkura, C. Khunwasi, S. Chadchanwan, P. Lotrakul, R. Bunjongrat, A. Chaidee, and T. Bangyeekhun. 2008. Effect of chitosan on floral production, gene expression and anatomical changes in the Dendrobium orchid. Science Horticulture. 116: 65-72.
Luan, L.Q., V.T.T. Ha, N. Nagasawa, T. Kume, F. Yoshii, and T.M. Nakanishi. 2005. Biological effect of irradiated chitosan on plants in vitro. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 41(1): 49-57.
Mathur, N., and A. Vyas. 2007. Physiological effect of some bioregulators on vegetative growth, yield and chemical constituents of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm) Stapf. and Hubb). International Journal of Agricultur Research. 2(3): 238-245.
Meftahizade, H., E. Sargsyan, and H. Moradkhani. 2010. Investigation of antioxidant capacity of Melissa officinalis essential oils. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 4(14): 1391-1395.
Mondal, M.M., M.A. Malek, A.B. Puteh, M.R. Ismail, and M. Ashrafuzzaman. 2012. Effect of foliar application of chitosan on growth and yield in okra. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 6(5): 918-921.
Moradkhani, H., E. Sargsyan, H. Bibak, B. Naseri, M. Sadat-Hosseini, Barjin, A. Fayazi, and H. Meftahizade. 2010. Melissa officinalis, a valuable medicine plant: A Review. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 4(25): 2753-2759.
Namdeo, G. 2007. Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: A Review. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 1)1): 69-79.
Nourafcan, H. 2019. Effect of chitosan on physiological and morphological traits of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora ) under invitro and field conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophyslology. 1(49): 73-86.
Pastı́rová, A., M. Repčák, and A. Eliašová. 2004. Salicylic acid induces changes of coumarin metabolites in Matricaria chamomilla Plant Science. 167(4): 819-824.
Putalun, W., W. Luealon, W. De-Eknamkul, H. Tanaka, and Y. Shoyama. 2007. Improvement of artemisinin production by chitosan in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua Biotechnology Letters. 29(7): 1143-1146.
Roller, S., and N. Covill. 2000. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise-based shrimp salads. Journal of Food Protection. 63(2): 202-209.
Rowshan, V., M. Khosh-Khoi, and K. Javidnia. 2010. Effects of salicylic acid on quality and quantity of essential oil components in Salvia macrosiphon. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences. 4(11): 77-82.
Russo, M., and B. Honermeier. 2017. Effect of shading on leaf yield, plant parameters, and essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 7: 27-34.
Saeb, K., and S. Gholamrezaee. 2012. Variation of essential oil composition of Melissa officinalis leaves during different stages of plant growth. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2(2): 547- 549.
Saglam, C., I. Atakisi, H. Turhan, S. Kaba, F. Arslanoglu, and F. Onemli. 2004. Effect of authenaticity, production and pharmalogical activity. International Journal of Aromatherapy. 10: 7-15.
Sheikha, S.A.A.K., and F.M. AL-Malki. 2009. Growth and chlorophyll responses of bean plants to the chitosan applications. European Journal of Scientific Research. 50: 124-134.
Sofy, A.R., R.A. Dawoud, M.R. Sofy, H.I. Mohamed, A.A. Hmed, and N.K. El-Dougdoug. 2020. Improving regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and stress-related gene stimulation in cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-infected cucumber plants treated with glycine betaine, chitosan and combination. Molecules. 25: 2341.
Uyanik, M., and B. Gurbuz. 2014. Chemical diversity in essential oil compositions of leaf, herb and flower in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences. 1(2): 210-214.
Vasconsuelo, A., and R. Boland. 2007. Molecular aspects of the early stages of elicitation of secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Science. 172(5): 861-875.
Yin, H., X.C. Fretté, L.P. Christensen, and K. Grevsen. 2012. Chitosan oligosaccharides promote the content of polyphenols in Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare hirtum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60(1): 136-143.
Zeng, D., and X. Luo. 2012. Physiological effects of chitosan coating on wheat growth and activities of protective enzyme with drought tolerance. Journal of Soil Science. 2(3): 282-288.
_||_Abd EL-Gawad, H.G., and A.M. Bondok. 2015. Response of tomato plants to salicylic acid and chitosan under infection with tomato mosaic virus. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. 15: 1520-1529.
Abdel-Mawgoud, M.R., A.S. Tantawy, M.A. El-Nemr, and Y.N. Sassine. 2010. Growth and yield responses of strawberry plants to chitosan application. European Journal of Scientific Research. 39(1): 170-171.
Avci, A.B., and R.R.A. Giachino. 2016. Harvest stage effects on some yield and quality characteristics of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Industrial Crops and Products. 88: 23-27.
Ayanoglu, F., M. Arslan, and A. Hatay. 2005. Effects of harvesting stages, harvesting hours and drying methods on essential oil content of lemon balm grown in Eastern Mediterranean. International Journal of Botany. 1(2): 138-142.
Bakkali, F., S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck, and M. Idaomar. 2008. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 46(2): 446-475.
Barka, A.E., P. Eullaffroy, C. Clement, and G. Vernet. 2004. Chitosan improves development, and protects Vitis vinifera against Botrytis cinereal. Plant Cell Reports. 22(8): 608-614.
Basta, A., O. Tzakou, and M. Couladis. 2005. Composition of the leaves essential oil of Melissa officinalis from Greece. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 20(6): 642-644.
Bideshki, A., and M.J. Arvin. 2010. Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and drought stress on growth, bulb yield and allicin content of garlic (Allium sativum) in field. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 2: 73-79. (In Persian).
Boonlertnirun, S., C. Boonraung, and R. Suvanasara. 2008. Application of chitosan in rice production. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals. 18(2): 47-52.
Böttcher, H., I. Günther, and R. Franke. 2000. Physiological postharvest response of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Journal of Medicinal and Spice Plants. 5: 145-153.
Burt, 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods- A Review. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94(3): 223-253.
Capecka, E., A. Mareczek, and M. Leja. 2005. Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry herbs of some Lamiaceae species. Food Chemistry. 93(2): 223-226.
Chibu, H., and H. Shibayama. 2001. Effects of chitosan applications on the growth of several crops. In: Uragami Kurita, K., Fukamizo, T. (eds.), Chitin and Chitosan in Life Science. Yamaguchi. Pp. 235–239.
Chookhongkha, N., S. Miyagawa, Y. Jirakiattikul, and S. Photchanachai. 2012. Chili growth and seed productivity as affected by chitosan; Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture Technology and Food Sciences (ICATFS’2012); Manila, Philippines. 17–18 November; pp. 146-149.
Devlieghere, F., A. Vermeulen, and J. Debevere. 2004. Chitosan: antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables. Food Microbiology. 21(6): 703-714.
Dzung, N.A., and N.T. Thang. 2004. Effect of oligoglucosamine on the growth and development of peanut (Arachis hypogea ). In Khor, E. Hutmacher, D. Yong, L.L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Asia- Pacific on Chitin, Chitosan Symposium Singapore.
Dzung, N.A., V.T. Phuong khanh, and T.T. Dzung. 2011. Research on impact of chitosan oligomers on biophysical characteristics, growth, development and drought resistance of coffee. In Carbohydrate Polymers. 84: 751-755.
Emami Bistgani, Z., S.A. Siadat, A. Bakhshandeh, A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, and M. Hashemi. 2017. Interactive effects of drought stress and chitosan application on physiological characteristics and essential oil yield of Thymus daenensis The Crop Journals. 5 (5): 407-415.
Farooq, M, A. Wahid, D.J. Lee, S.A. Cheema, and T. Aziz. 2010. Comparative time course action of the foliar applied glycinebetaine, salicylic acid, nitrous oxide, brassinosteroids and spermine in improving drought resistance of rice. Journal of Agriculture Crop Science. 196: 336-345.
Farouk, S., K.M. Ghoneem, and A.A. Abeer. 2008. Induction and expression of systematic resistance to downy mildew disease in cucumber plant by elicitors. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology. 1: 95-111.
Gharib, F.A.E. 2006. Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, metabolic activities and oil content of basil and marjoram. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 8(4): 485-492.
Ghasemi, M., K. Arzani, A. Yadollahi, S. Ghasemi, and S. Sarikhani khorrami. 2011. Estimate of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content in Asian Pear (Pyrus serotina) by CCM-200. Notulae Scientia Biologica. 3(1):91-94.
Ghasemi-Pirbalouti, A., M. Rahmani-Samani, M. Hashemi, and H. Zeinali. 2014. Salicylic acid affects growth, essential oil and chemical compositions of thyme (Thymus daenensis) under reduced irrigation. Plant Growth Regulation. 72(3): 289-301.
Ghoname, A.A., M.A. EL-Nemr, A.M.R. Abdel-Mawgoud, and W.A. El-Tohamy. 2010. Enhancement of sweet pepper crop growth and production by application of biological, organic and nutritional solutions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science. 6(7): 349- 355.
Guan, Y.J., J. Hu, X.J. Wang, and C.X. Shao. 2009. Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress. Journal of Zheijang University Science B. 10: 427-433.
Gupta, A., and N. Kaur. 2005. Sugar signaling and gene expression in relation to carbohydrate metabolism under abiotic stress in plant. Journal of Bioscience. 30: 761-776.
Hawrylak-Nowak, B., S. Dresler, K. Rubinowska, and R. Matraszek-Gawron. 2020. Eliciting effect of foliar application of chitosan lactate on the phytochemical properties of Ocimum basilicum and Melissa officinalis L. Food Chemistry. 342: 1-34.
Heng, Y., C. Xavier, F. Lars, P. Chritensen, and G. Kai. 2012. Chitosan oligosaccharides promote the content of polyphenol in Greek Oregano (Origanum vulgare Hirtum). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 60: 136-143.
Idrees, M., M.M.A. Khan, T. Aftab, M. Naeem, and N. Hashmi. 2010. Salicylic acid-induced physiological and biochemical changes in lemongrass varietiesunder water stress. Journal of Plant Interactions. 5(4): 293-303.
Kang, S.M., H.Y. Jung, Y.M. Kang, D.J. Yun, J.D. Bahk, J.K. Yang, and M.S. Choi. 2004. Effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on the production of tropane alkaloids and the expression of PMT and H6H in adventitious root cultures of Scopolia parviflora. Plant Science. 166: 745-751.
H., and S. Naderi. 2014. The effect of chitosan on some antioxidant enzymes activity and biochemictry characterization in melissa (Melissa officinalis). Research Journal of Crop Science in Arid Area. 1: 100-116. (In Persian).
Kim, H.J., F. Chen, X. Wang, and N.C. Rajapakse. 2005. Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53(9): 3696-3701.
Kováčik, J., J. Grúz, M. Bačkor, M. Strnad, and M. Repčák. 2009. Salicylic acid-induced changes to growth and phenolic metabolism in Matricaria chamomilla Plant Cell Reports. 28(1): 135-143.
Limpanavech, P., S. Chaiyasuta, R. Vongpromek, R. Pichyangkura, C. Khunwasi, S. Chadchanwan, P. Lotrakul, R. Bunjongrat, A. Chaidee, and T. Bangyeekhun. 2008. Effect of chitosan on floral production, gene expression and anatomical changes in the Dendrobium orchid. Science Horticulture. 116: 65-72.
Luan, L.Q., V.T.T. Ha, N. Nagasawa, T. Kume, F. Yoshii, and T.M. Nakanishi. 2005. Biological effect of irradiated chitosan on plants in vitro. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 41(1): 49-57.
Mathur, N., and A. Vyas. 2007. Physiological effect of some bioregulators on vegetative growth, yield and chemical constituents of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm) Stapf. and Hubb). International Journal of Agricultur Research. 2(3): 238-245.
Meftahizade, H., E. Sargsyan, and H. Moradkhani. 2010. Investigation of antioxidant capacity of Melissa officinalis essential oils. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 4(14): 1391-1395.
Mondal, M.M., M.A. Malek, A.B. Puteh, M.R. Ismail, and M. Ashrafuzzaman. 2012. Effect of foliar application of chitosan on growth and yield in okra. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 6(5): 918-921.
Moradkhani, H., E. Sargsyan, H. Bibak, B. Naseri, M. Sadat-Hosseini, Barjin, A. Fayazi, and H. Meftahizade. 2010. Melissa officinalis, a valuable medicine plant: A Review. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 4(25): 2753-2759.
Namdeo, G. 2007. Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: A Review. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 1)1): 69-79.
Nourafcan, H. 2019. Effect of chitosan on physiological and morphological traits of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora ) under invitro and field conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophyslology. 1(49): 73-86.
Pastı́rová, A., M. Repčák, and A. Eliašová. 2004. Salicylic acid induces changes of coumarin metabolites in Matricaria chamomilla Plant Science. 167(4): 819-824.
Putalun, W., W. Luealon, W. De-Eknamkul, H. Tanaka, and Y. Shoyama. 2007. Improvement of artemisinin production by chitosan in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua Biotechnology Letters. 29(7): 1143-1146.
Roller, S., and N. Covill. 2000. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise-based shrimp salads. Journal of Food Protection. 63(2): 202-209.
Rowshan, V., M. Khosh-Khoi, and K. Javidnia. 2010. Effects of salicylic acid on quality and quantity of essential oil components in Salvia macrosiphon. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences. 4(11): 77-82.
Russo, M., and B. Honermeier. 2017. Effect of shading on leaf yield, plant parameters, and essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 7: 27-34.
Saeb, K., and S. Gholamrezaee. 2012. Variation of essential oil composition of Melissa officinalis leaves during different stages of plant growth. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2(2): 547- 549.
Saglam, C., I. Atakisi, H. Turhan, S. Kaba, F. Arslanoglu, and F. Onemli. 2004. Effect of authenaticity, production and pharmalogical activity. International Journal of Aromatherapy. 10: 7-15.
Sheikha, S.A.A.K., and F.M. AL-Malki. 2009. Growth and chlorophyll responses of bean plants to the chitosan applications. European Journal of Scientific Research. 50: 124-134.
Sofy, A.R., R.A. Dawoud, M.R. Sofy, H.I. Mohamed, A.A. Hmed, and N.K. El-Dougdoug. 2020. Improving regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and stress-related gene stimulation in cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-infected cucumber plants treated with glycine betaine, chitosan and combination. Molecules. 25: 2341.
Uyanik, M., and B. Gurbuz. 2014. Chemical diversity in essential oil compositions of leaf, herb and flower in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences. 1(2): 210-214.
Vasconsuelo, A., and R. Boland. 2007. Molecular aspects of the early stages of elicitation of secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Science. 172(5): 861-875.
Yin, H., X.C. Fretté, L.P. Christensen, and K. Grevsen. 2012. Chitosan oligosaccharides promote the content of polyphenols in Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare hirtum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60(1): 136-143.
Zeng, D., and X. Luo. 2012. Physiological effects of chitosan coating on wheat growth and activities of protective enzyme with drought tolerance. Journal of Soil Science. 2(3): 282-288.