ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی برخی صفات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک ژنوتیپ های گندم نان در شرایط تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
1 - عضو هیات علمی گروه کشاورزی، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران
کلید واژه: تنوع ژنتیکی, گندم نان, تجزیه‌های چند متغیره, تنش خشکی آخر فصل,
چکیده مقاله :
تنوع ژنتیکی برخی صفات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گندم نان در 42 ژنوتیپ در مزرعه تحقیقات کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اردبیل در دو شرایط محیطی جداگانه (بدون اعمال تنش خشکی و تنش خشکی آخر فصل) در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار به اجرا درآمد. در زمان های مناسب از صفات مختلف مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک یادداشت برداری به عمل آمد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثرات متقابل سطوح آبیاری×ژنوتیپ بر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد پنجه های نابارور، طول سنبله، نسبت پدانکل به ارتفاع بوته، تعداد سنبله در مترمربع و عملکرد دانه معنی دار بودند. ژنوتیپ شماره 35 (4057) با میانگین 6313 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد دانه را تولید کرد. رگرسیون چند متغیره خطی نشان داد که صفات تعداد دانه در سنبله، تعداد گره و وزن سنبله حدود 58 درصد از تغییرات میانگین عملکرد را در بین ژنوتیپ ها در شرایط تنش خشکی آخر فصل توجیه می کنند. تعداد گره بیشترین اثر مستقیم (0.438) را بر عملکرد دانه داشت. همچنین، اثرات مستقیم تعداد دانه در سنبله با عملکرد مثبت (0.135) و وزن سنبله با عملکرد منفی (0.345-) بودند. اثر غیرمستقیم تعداد گره از طریق وزن سنبله بیشتر از اثر غیرمستقیم وزن سنبله از طریق تعداد گره بر عملکرد بود. در تجزیه عامل ها، شش عامل در کل 75.80 درصد تغییرات را تبیین کردند. عامل اول تا ششم به ترتیب 21.32، 18.13، 9.72، 9.62، 9.4 و 7.6 درصد از تغییرات کل را توجیه نمودند. تجزیه خوشه ای بر اساس روش وارد با استفاده از ضریب مجذور فاصله اقلیدسی، ژنوتیپ ها را به پنج گروه تقسیم بندی کرد. نتایج این بررسی حاکی از آن است که صفاتی مانند تعداد دانه در سنبله، تعداد گره و وزن سنبله را می توان به عنوان شاخص انتخاب عملکرد در برنامه های به نژادی و به منظور بهبود عملکرد دانه گندم نان در مناطق دارای تنش خشکی آخر فصل مورد استفاده قرار داد.
The present study was conducted in the agricultural research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, to investigate genetic variation of some bread wheat genotypes for some morpho-physiological traits under separate environmental conditions (drought stress and without drought stress). Results from analysis of variance showed that the interaction of “irrigation levels × genotypes” on traits like plant height, infertile tillers number, spike length, peduncle to plant height ratio, spike number per m2 and grain yield were significant. Genotype No. 35 (4057) produced the highest (6.3 ton/ha) grain yield. Linear multivariable regression revealed that traits such as grain numbers per spike, node number and spike weight accounted for about 58% of overall mean yield among the genotypes under terminal drought stress condition. Node number had the highest direct effect (0.438) on grain yield. The results, also, showed that the direct effect of grain number per spike on yield was positive (0.135) while spike weight on yield was negative (-0.345). Direct effect of node number on yield by spike weight was higher than indirect effect of spike weight by node number. Based on the factor analysis, 75.80% of total variations were explained by 6 factors. The first up to the sixth factors accounted for 21.32, 18.13, 9.72, 9.62, 9.4 and 7.6% of the total variations respectively. Furthermore, cluster analysis, based on Ward method and by using Euclidian squared distance, classified the genotypes into five groups. Results from this study suggest that traits such as grain number per spike, node number and spike weight can be used as a selection criteria in breeding programs for higher grain yield of bread wheat in the regions where plants may be subject to terminal drought stress.
Aghaee-Sarbarzeh, M. 2012. Variation of agronomic traits in durum wheat genotypes. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 1(28-3): 481-502. (In Persian).
Aghaee-Sarbarzeh, M., and A. Amini. 2012. Genetic variability for agronomy traits in bread wheat genotype collection of Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 1(27-4): 581-599. (In Persian).
Allard, R.W. 1996. Genetic basis of the evolution of adoptedness in plants. Euphytica. 92: 1-11.
Anderberg, M.R. 1973. Cluster analysis for applications. Academic Press Inc, New York.
Annicchiarico, P., L. Pecetti, G. Boggini, and M.A. Doust. 2000. Drought resistance in cereals. Crop Science. 40: 1810-1820.
Anonymous. 2010. Agricultural statistical facts. 1st Vol. Crop Production in 2009- 2010 Cropping Season. Statistical and Information Technology Department, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran.
Askar, M., A. Yazdansepas, and Amini, A. 2011. Evaluation of winter and facultative bread wheat genotypes under irrigated and post-anthesis drought stress conditions. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 1(26-3): 313-329. (In Persian).
Blum, A. 1999. Towards standards assays of drought resistance in crop plants. Workshop on Molecular Approaches for the Genetic Improvement of Cereals for Stable Production in Water Limited Environment. CIMMYT. Mexico. pp. 23-27.
Cattell, R.B. 1965. Factor analysis: an introduction to essentials. 1. The purpose and underlying models. Biometrics. 21: 190–215.
Cone, A.E., G.A. Slafer, and G.M. Halloran. 2004. Effects of moisture stress on leaf appearance, till ring and other aspects of development in Triticum tauschii. Euphytica. 86: 55-64.
Dewey, D.R., and K.H. Lu. 1959. A correlation and path coefficient analysis of components of crested wheat grass seed production. Agronomy Journal. 51: 515–518.
Draper, N.R., and H. Smith. 1966. Applied regression analysis. Wiley. New York.7407 Pp.
Evenson, R.E., and D. Gollin. 2003. Assessing the impact of the green revolution. 1960-2000. Science. 300: 758-762.
Everitt, B.S., and G. Dunn. 1992. Applied multivariate data analysis. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Gutteiri, M.J., J.C. Stak, K. Obbrain, and E. Souza. 2001. Relative sensitivity of spring wheat grain yield and quality parameters to moisture deficit. Crop Science. 41: 327-335.
Kaiser, H.F. 1958. The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometricka. 23: 187-198.
Khazaie, H.R. 2002. Effect of drought on physiology characters of wheat drought tolerance indices. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Ferdowsi Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 225 Pp. (In Persian).
Koocheki, A., A. Banayan- Aval, P. Rezvani, A. Mahdavi- Damghani, M. Jamiolahmadi, and S.R. Vesal. 2005. The plant ecophysiology. University of Ferdoosi Mashhad Publications, Mashhad, Iran. 271 pp. (In Persian).
Mobasser, S., Gh. Nourmohammadi, A. Kashani, and M. Moghaddam. 2000. Path analysis for grain yield of barley. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 2(1): 15-22. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, M. 2000. Research on relationship between yield and yield components of 600 Iranian local wheat by use of multivariate statistical methods. M.Sc. Thesis in plant breeding. Agriculture Faculty. University of Tehran. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, R., R. Haghparast, M. Aghaee, M. Roostaei, and S.S. Pourdad. 2007. Biplot analysis of multi- environment trials for identification of winter wheat mega-environments in Iran. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3(4): 475-480.
Mohammadi, S.A., and B.M. Prasanna. 2003. Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants, salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science. 43: 1235-1248.
Morrison, D.F. 1990. Multivariate statistical methods. McGrow-Hill Publications.
Naghavi, M.R., A.V. Shahbazi, and A.R. Talei. 1999. Investigation on genetic diversity in durum wheat germplasms. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 81-88. (In Persian).
Richards, R.A., A.G. Condon, and G.J. Robetzke. 2001. Traits to improve yield in dry environments. Pp: 88-100. In: Reynolds, M.P., J.I. Ortiz-Monasterio, and A. McNab. (eds.). Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. CIMMYT. Mexico.
Samarah, N.H. 2005. Effects of drought stress on growth and yield of barley. Agronmy for Sustainabe Development. 25: 145- 149.
Sanchez – Diaz, M., J.L. Garcia, M.C. Antolin, and J.L. Araus. 2002. Effects of soil drought and atmospheric humidity on yield, gas exchange, and stable carbon isotope composition of barley. Photosynthetica. 40(3): 415 – 421.
Seiler G.J., and R.E. Stafford. 1985. Factor analysis of components of yield in guar. Crop Science. 25:905-908.
Snedecor, G.W., and W.G.Cochran. 1981. Statistical methods. Seventh ed. Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA.
Tajbakhsh, M., and Poormirza, A. A. 2004. Cereals agronomy. Jehad-e- Agriculture Publications, Uromieh, Iran. Pp: 230. (In Persian).
Tarinejiad, A. 1998. Evaluation of produced lines from local winter wheats for water and drought stress conditions. M.Sc. thesis in plant breeding. Agriculture Faculty. University of Tabriz. (In Persian).
van de Wouw, M., T. Van Hintum, C. Kik, R. Van Treuren, and B, Visser. 2010. Genetic diversity trends in twentieth century crop cultivars: a meta analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 120 (6): 1241–1252.
Zi-Zhenli, L., D.L. Wei, and L.L. Wen. 2004. Dry-period irrigation and fertilizer application affect water use and yield of spring wheat in semi- arid regions. Agricultural Water Management. 65: 133- 143.