بهبود عملکرد و روغن دانه آفتابگردان(Helianthus annuus L) با کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیعبداله جوانمرد 1 , فریبرز شکاری 2
1 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه
2 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران
کلید واژه: عملکرد دانه, شاخص برداشت, درصد روغن, کود مرغی, کود گاوی, کود نیتروژنی,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش برای بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف کودهای شیمیایی و آلی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد آفتابگردان روغنی هیبرید ایروفلور، به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه‌ی طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 12 تیمار و 4 تکرار در سال زراعی 1393 در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه اجرا شد. فاکتور اول شامل کود شیمیایی در سه سطح، C0 (بدون مصرف کود شیمیایی)، C1 (مصرف 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره)، ) C2مصرف 75 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره+50 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرفسفات تریپل) و فاکتور دوم شامل کود آلی در چهار سطح، O0 (بدون مصرف کود آلی)، O1(کود گاوی به میزان 40 تن در هکتار)، O2 (کود مرغی به میزان 30 تن در هکتار)، O3 (مصرف 50 درصد کود مرغی+ 50 درصد کود گاوی) بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار شاخص کلروفیل برگ‌ها در ترکیب تیماری 50 درصد نیتروژن+ 50 درصد فسفر و کود مرغی و بعد از آن در ترکیب تیماری مصرف 150 کیلوگرم کود اوره+ کود مرغی حاصل شد. عملکرد دانه با کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای آلی و شیمیایی (مصرف 50 درصد کود مرغی+ 50 درصد کود گاوی و 50 درصد نیتروژن+ 50 درصد فسفر) نسبت به مصرف 50 درصد نیتروژن+ 50 درصد فسفر، 02/42 درصد افزایش یافت. همچنین، بیشترین تعداد دانه در طبق در برهم کنش 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و 40 تن در هکتار کود گاوی به دست آمد. عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت با کاربرد 50 درصد کود مرغی+ 50 درصد کود گاوی به ترتیب 22.9 و 15.98 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافتند. بالاترین درصد روغن (52.45 درصد) در تیمار 50 درصد کود مرغی+ 50 درصد کود گاوی به دست آمد که نسبت به شاهد 30.13 درصد افزایش نشان داد. همچنین، بیشترین عملکرد روغن (1784.57 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به ترکیب تیماری 50 درصد کود مرغی+ 50 درصد کود گاوی با 75 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژنه+ 50 کیلوگرم کود فسفره تعلق داشت. بنابراین مصرف تلفیقی کودهای آلی و شیمیایی (50 درصد کود مرغی+ 50 درصد کود گاوی با 75 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژنه+ 50 کیلوگرم کود فسفره) در بهبود صفات کمّی و کیفی آفتابگردان مؤثرتر از مصرف به‌تنهایی هر یک از آنها دیده شد.
To evaluate the effect of different levels of chemical and organic fertilizers on seed yield, its components and oil content of sunflower (Hybrid Iroflor), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 12 treatment and 4 replications was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2014 growing season. The first factor consisted of 3 levels of chemical fertilizer (C0: without using any fertilizer, C1: application of urea at the rate of 150 kg.ha-1 and C2:application of 75 kg.ha-1 urea + 50 kg.ha-1 super phosphate triple) and the second factor comprised of organic manure applications (O) with 4 levels (O0: without organic fertilizer, O1:animal manure application at the rate of 40 t.ha-1, O2: poultry manure application at the rate of 30 t.ha-1 and O3: %50 poultry manure+ %50 animal manure. Results showed that the highest chlorophyll index belonged to %50 nitrogen + 50% phosphorus plus poultry manure and nitrogen fertilizer plus poultry manure treatment combinations respectively. Applications of 75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1 and %50 poultry manure+ %50 animal manure treatment combination, resulted in grain yield increase by %42.02 as compared to the application of 75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1. Maximum kernel number per head was produced by interaction effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg N ha-1) animal manure (40 t.ha-1). Biological yield and harvest index were increased by %22.9 and %15.98 respectively, as compared to control and application of %50 poultry manure+ %50 animal manure. Highest percentage of grain oil (52.45%) was obtained by applications of 15 t.ha-1 poultry manure+ 20 t.ha-1 of animal manure, as compared to the control (30.13 percent). The highest oil yield (1784.57 kg.ha-1) was also belonged combined application of 75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1 and 15 t.ha-1 poultry manure+ 20 t.ha-1 animal manure. Thus, integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers (75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1 and 15 t.ha-1 poultry manure+ 20 t.ha-1 animal manure) improved both grain yield and its oil content of sunflower more than their individual applications.
Adebayo, A.G., H.A. Akintoye, O.O. Aina, M.T. Olatunji, and A.O. Shokalu. 2012. Assessment of organic amendments on growth and flower yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Libyan Agricultural Research Centre Journal International. 3(1): 24-29.
Ahmad, R., and N. Jabeen. 2009. Demonstration of growth improvement in sunflower (Hellianthus annuus L.) by the use of organic fertilizers under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41(3): 1373-1384.
Akbari, P., A. Ghalavand, and S.A.M. Modarres Sanavi. 2009. Effects of different nutrition systems (organic, chemical and integrated) and biofertilizer on yield and other growth traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 1 (19): 83-93.
Akbari, P., A. Ghalavand, S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy, and M. Agha Alikhani. 2011. The effect of biofertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure on grain yield and seed quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Agricultural Technology. 7(1): 173-184.
AOAC, 1990. In: Helrich, K. (Ed.), Official Methods of Analysis. , 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA/Washington, DC, USA.
Ayoola, O. T., and O. N. Adeniyan .2006. Influence of poultry manure and NPK fertilizers on yield and yield components of crops under different cropping systems in South-West. Nigerian Journal of Biotechnolog. 5 (15): 1386-1392.
Azeez, J.O., and W. van Averbeke. 2010. Nitrogen mineralization potential of three animal manures applied on a sandy clay loam soil. Bioresource Technology. 101: 5645–5651.
Azeez, J.O., W. van Averbeke, and A.O.M. Okorogbona. 2010. Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology. 101: 2499–2505.
Bahl, G.S., and G.S. Toor. 2002. Influence of poultlry manure on phosphorus avilability and the standard phosphate requirement of crop estimated from quantity-intensity relationships in different soils. Bioresource Technology. 85: 317-322.
Bhatia, C.R., and R., Rabson. 1976. Bioenergetic considerations in cereal breeding for protein improvement. Science. 194: 1418–1421.
Bonari, A., M. Mousavi Nik, M.A. Behdani, and H. Besharati. 2013. Effect of sulphur fertilizer and split nitrogen application on seed yield and its components of sunflower. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 6 (3): 1-15. (In Persian).
Diacono, M., and F. Montemurro. 2010. Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 30: 401–422.
Ding, L., K.J. Wang, G.M. Jiang, L.F. Li, and Y.H. Li. 2005. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years. Annals Botany. 96: 925–930.
Ebin Masto, R., P.K. Chhonkar, D. Singh, and A.K. Patra. 2006. Changes in soil biological and biochemical characteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical incept soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38: 1577-1582.
Eghbal, B., D. Ginting, and J.E. Gilly. 2004. Residual effects of manure and compost application on corn production and soil properties. Agronomy Journal. 96: 442-447.
Enujeke E.C. 2013. Response of grain weight of maize to variety, organic manure and inorganic fertilizer in Asaba area of delta state. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. 3(5): 234-248.
Esmaeilian, Y., M. Galavi, E. Amiri, and M. Heidari. 2014. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed quality of sunflower under drought stress conditions. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 24 (3): 175-189.
Fallah, S., A. Ghalavand, and M.R. Khajehpour Mohammad. 2007. Effects of animal manure incorporation methods and its integration with chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in khorramabad, Lorestan. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 11 (40): 233-242.
FAO. 2015. http://faostat.fao.org/
Fathi, G.H.A., E.K. Nabisaidi, S.E.A. Siadat, and F. Ebrahimpour nourabadi. 2002. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on grain yield varieties kolza PF7045 climatic conditions in Khuzestan. Journal of Agricultural. 25 (1): 43-57.
Ghosh, P.K., P. Ramesh, K.K. Bandyopadhyay, A.K. Tripathi, K.M. Hati, A.K. Misra, and C.L. Acharya. 2004. Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. I. Crop yields and system performance. Bioresource Technology. 95: 77–83.
Hao, X., C. Chang, and G.J. Travis. 2004. Short communication: effect of long-term cattle manure application on relations between nitrogen and oil content in canola seed. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 167, 214–215.
Hati, K.M., A. Swarup, B. Mishra, M.C. Manna, R.H. Wanjari, K.G. Mandal, and A.K. Misra. 2008. Impact of long-term application of fertilizer, manure and lime under intensive cropping on physical properties and organic carbon content of an Alfisol. Geoderma. 148: 173–179.
Jehanbakht, M., M. Shafi, M. Yousef, and H. Ullahshah. 2010. Physiology, phenology and yield of sunflower as affected by NPK fertilizer and hybrid. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42(3): 1909-1922.
Kaur, T., B.S. Brar, and N.S. Dhillon. 2008. Soil organic matter dynamics as affected by long term use of organic and inorganic fertilizers under maize– wheat cropping system. Nutrition Cycling in Agroecosystems. 81: 59–69.
Kemanian, A.R., C.O. Stockle, D.R. Huggins, and L.M. Viega. 2007. A simple method to estimate harvest index in grain crops. Field Crops Research. 103: 208–216.
Khaleghizadeh, A.A.GH., and E. alizadeh. 2009. Evaluation of resistance of sunflower varieties to bird damage in Karaj and Khoy. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology. 2 (86): 115-134. (In Persian).
Kulkarni S.S., R. Rabu, and B.T. Pujari. 2002. Growth and yield parameters of sunflower as influenced by organic manures, biofertilizers and micronutrients under irrigation. Karkanata Journal of Agricultural Science. 15(2): 253-255.
Lal, R. 2008. Soils and sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 28: 57–64.
Liu, E., C. Yan, X. Mei, W. He, S. Hwat Bing, L. Ding, Q. Liu, S. Liu, and T. Fan. 2010. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma. 158: 173–180.
López-Valdez, F., F. Fernández-Luqueño, S. Luna-Suárez, and L. Dendooven. 2011. Greenhouse gas emissions and plant characteristics from soil cultivated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and amended with organic or inorganic fertilizers. Science of the Total Environment. 412-413: 257–264.
Majidian, M., A. Ghalavand, N.A. Karimian, and A.A. Kamkar Haghighi. 2008. Effects of nitrogen different amounts, manure and irrigation water on yield and yield components of corn. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1(2): 67-85. (In Persian).
Malik, M.A., M. Akram, and A. Tanvir. 1992. Effect of planting geometry as fertiliuzation growth, yield and quality of a new sunflower cultivar SF-100. Journal of Agricultural Research. 30: 59-63.
Meena S., P. Senthilvalavan, M. Malarkodi, and R.K. Kaleeswari. 2007. Residual effects of phosphorus from organic manures in sunflower assessment using radio tracer technique. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3(5): 377-379.
Mirlouhi, A.F., R. Mohammadi, S.J. Razavi, and F. Nourbakhsh. 2008. Effects of different fertilizer applications during rice and corn cultivation on barley yield in a three years replication. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 18(3): 161-171. (In Persian).
Mirzashahi, K., and Sh. Kiani. 2008 .The effect of sheep manure compost on application rate of chemical fertilizers in grain corn planting, Journal of Farm Animal Nutrition and Physiology. 4 (2): 174-186. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, K., G. Heidar, M. Javaheri, A. Rokhzadi, M. T. Karimi Nezhad, Y.Sohrabi, and R. Talebi. 2013. Fertilization affects the agronomic traits of high oleic sunflower hybrid in different tillage systems. Industrial Crops and Products. 44: 446– 451.
Mooleki, S.P., J.J. Schoenau, J.L. Chales, and G. Wen. 2004. Effect of rate, frequency and incorporation of feed lot cattle manure on soil nitrogen availability, crop performance and nitrogen use efficiency in east-central Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 84: 199-210.
Munir, M.A., M.A. Malik, and M.F. Saleem. 2007. Impact of integration of crop manuring and nitrogen application on growth, yield and quality of spring planted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39 (2): 441-449.
Ofosu-Anim, J., and M. Leitch. 2009. Relative efficacy of organic manures in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 3(1): 13- 19.
Pimentel, D. 1993. Economics and energies of organic and conventional farming. Journal of Agricultural and Environmenal Ethics. 6: 53-60.
Rathke, G.W., O. Christen, and W. Diepenbrock. 2005. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in different crop rotations. Field Crops Reserch. 94: 103–113.
Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA, Handbook No. 60, p. 102.
Rigby, D., and D. Caceres. 2001. Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural system. Agricultural System. 68: 21-40.
Roshdi, M., S. Rezadost, J. Kalili Mahalleh, and N. Haji Hassaniasl. 2009. The effect of biofertilizers on grain yield and yield components of three cultivars of sunflower cultivars (helianlhus annuus). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 3(10): 11-24. (In Persian).
Saleh, A.L., A.A. Abd El-Kader, and S.A.M. Hegab. 2003. Response of onion to organic fertilizer under irrigation with saline water. Egypt Journal Applied Science. 18(12): 707-716.
Shata, S.M., A.M. Safaa, and S.S. Hanan. 2007. Improving calcareous soil productivity by integrated effect of intercropping and fertilizer. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3(6): 733-739.
Shoghi-Kalkhoran, S., A. Ghalavand, S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy, A. Mokhtassi Bidgoli, and P. Akbari. 2013. Integrated fertilization systems enhance quality and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 15: 1343-1352.
Shyalaja, J., and G. Swarajyalakshmi. 2004. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to conjunctive use of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and quality parameters. Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development, 19: 1. 88-90.
Thavaprakash, N., G. Senthilkumar, S.D. Sivakumar, and M. Raju. 2003. Photosynthetic attributes and seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as influenced by different levels and ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Acta Agronomica Hungarica. 51: 149-155.
Wabekwa, J.W., D. Aminu, and Z. Dauda, 2014. Physio-morphological response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to poultry manure in Wamdeo, North-east Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Agricultural Research. 2: 100-105.
Wabekwa, J.W., E.C. Odion, and D. Aminu. 2010. Effects of poultry manure rates on yield and yield attributes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at Samaru, Nigeria. International Journal of Food Agricultural Research. 7(1): 182-190.
Walkley, A., and T.A. Black. 1934. An examination of deglijareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the choromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
Westerm, R.L. 1990. Soil testing and plant analysis. Soil Science Society of America. Madison Wisconisn, USA.
Wu, W., and B. Ma. 2015. Integrated nutrient management (INM) for sustaining crop productivity and reducing environmental impact: A review. Science of the Total Environment. 512: 415–427.
Yousefpoor, Z., and A.R. Yadavi. 2014. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 1 (24): 95-112. (In Persian).