اثر هدایت الکتریکی و نسبت جذبی سدیم آب آبیاری بر شاخصهای فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد دو رقم کلزا (Brassica napus L.)

محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی

فرزاد جلیلی ¹ (استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد خوی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خوی، ایران)

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/08/12 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/11/02 تاریخ انتشار : 1398/02/01

کلید واژه: زیست توده, کلزا, قندهای محلول, پتانسیل آب برگ, SAR,

چکیده مقاله :

اثر هدایت الکتریکی (EC) و نسبت جذبی سدیم (SAR) بر شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد دو رقم کلزا، طی پژوهشی به صورت گلدانی بررسی شد. عامل EC در سه سطح 35/0 (به عنوان شاهد)، 6 و 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر و عامل SAR در چهار سطح صفر، 6 ،12 و 18، که از منابع نمکی NaCl و CaCl2 تهیه شد و عامل سوم شامل دو رقم طلایه و اوکاپی بود. در این آزمایش صفات محتوای آب نسبی، قندهای محلول، پتانسیل آب برگ، میزان یون‌های سدیم، پتاسیم و کلسیم در ماده خشک، زیست توده و عملکرد دانه اندازه‌گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل رقم و EC بر میزان تجمع سدیم، زیست‌توده و عملکرد دانه معنی‌دار بود. میزان کاهش عملکرد دانه با افزایش در مقدار EC در رقم اوکاپی کمتر بود، به‌طوری‌که در EC برابر 12 دسی‌زیمنس‌بر متر برای ارقام طلایه و اوکاپی به ترتیب 99/2 و 13/3 گرم به دست آمد. درخصوص سدیم، در هر دو رقم با افزایش EC، تجمع سدیم در ماده خشک افزایش یافت، با این حال، این تجمع در رقم اوکاپی بیش از رقم طلایه بود و این افزایش در 12EC= دسی‌زیمنس‌بر متر در رقم طلایه 44/4 درصد و در رقم اوکاپی 64/4 درصد برآورد شدند. اثر متقابل EC و SAR نیز نشان داد که با افزایش در سطوح فاکتورها، پتانسیل آب برگ، زیست‌توده و عملکرد دانه کاسته شدند، اما میزان قندهای محلول و سدیم افزایش یافتند. در خصوص عملکرد دانه، با افزایش SAR از تیمار EC1SAR1 به EC1SAR4 میزان کاهش 7 درصد بود، در حالی‌که از تیمار EC2SAR1به EC2SAR4 به 7/13 درصد و از تیمار EC3SAR1 به EC3SAR4 میزان کاهش به 25 درصد رسید. هرچند EC و SAR اثرات منفی بر شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی کلزا داشتند اما این اثرات به نوع رقم بستگی داشت، چنانکه رقم اوکاپی در شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیک نسبت به طلایه برتری داشت. همچنین، با افزایش سهم کلسیم در منبع ایجاد هدایت الکتریکی، از اثرات سوء شوری کاسته شد. بنابراین، در آب‌های بسیار شور بالا بودن میزان یون کلسیم نسبت به سدیم، برای استفاده در امر آبیاری بهتر خواهد بود

چکیده انگلیسی:

To study the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) andsodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the yield and physiological indices of two varieties of rapeseed, an experiment was carried in pot condition. Treatments were EC with 3 levels (0.35, 6 and 12 dSm-1), SAR with 4 levels (0, 6, 12 and 18 from NaCl and CaCl2) and varieties with two levels (Talayeh and Okapy). Traits measured were RWC, concentration of Na, K and Ca, leaf water potential, biomass and seed yields. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of variety by EC on Na concentration, biomass and seed yield were significant. With increasing EC levels, seed yield decreased, but yield reduction in Okapi variety was less than that of Talayeh variety. Seed weight per plant in Talayeh was 2.99 g. and that of Okapi was 3.13 g. In both of varieties, with increasing of EC, concentration of Na increased, but its concentration in Okapy was more than Talayeh. The interaction effect of EC by SAR showed that with increasing treatment levels, leaf water potential, biomass and seed yield decreased, while carbohydrates increased. With increasing SAR from EC1SAR1 to EC1SAR4, yield decreased by 7%, while it was 13.7% from EC2SAR1 to EC2SAR4 and 25% from EC3SAR1 to EC3SAR4. Although EC and SAR causes negative effects on rapeseed growth indices, but their negative on Talayeh variety was less than that of Okapy. Increasing calcium proportion against salinity reduced the effects salinity in all traits. Since, high saline water has higher calcium ion, it would have poper quality for to use it in agriculture.

منابع و مأخذ:

· Ahmadi, S.M., and J. Niazi Ardakani. 2004. Evaluation and determination salt tolerance variety of canola with SALT computer model. 2^th National Conference Water and Soil Resource. Agriculture Department, Shiraz University, (In Persian).
· Alizadeh, A. 2009. Water, soil, plant relationship. Press of Ferdoosi Mashhad University. (In Persian).
· AL-Karaki, G.N. 2008. Growth, water use efficiency, and sodium and potassium acquisition by rapeseed cultivar grown under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 23: 1-8.
· Anonymous. 2012. FAO Statistical year book. World Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, p. 366. http://www. fao.org/ docrep/015/i2490e/i2490e00.htm
· Ashraf, M., and T. Mc Neilly. 2004. Salinity tolerance in brassica oilseeds. Plant Science. 23(2): 157-174.
· Ashraf, M., N. Nazir, and T. Mc Neilly. 2001. Comparative salt tolerance of amphidiploid and diploid Brassica species. Plant Science. 160: 683- 689.
· Atlassi Pak, V., M. Nabipour, and M. Meskarbashee. 2012. Effecct of salt stress on growth, ionic homeostasis and ions intraction in sensitive and tolerant genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Technology of Plant Production. 12(2): 41-55.
· Baibordi, A., S.J. Seidtabtabai, and A. Ahmadof. 2010. NaCl salinity effect on qualitative, quantitative and physiological attributes of winter canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Journal of Water and Soil. 24: 334-346.
· Bajji, M.S., T. Lutts, and J.M. Kient. 2001. Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Science. 160: 669 – 681.
· El-Hendawy, S.E., Y. Hu, and U. Scmidhalter. 2005. Growth, ion content, gas exchange, and water relations of wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerances. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 56(2): 123-134.
· Emam, Y., E. Hosseini, N. Rafiei, and H. Pirasteh- Anosheh. 2013. Response of early growth and sodium and potassium concentration in ten barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under salt stress conditions. Journal of Crop Physiology. 19: 5-15. (In Persian).
· Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. SWRI of press. (In Persian).
· Enferad, A., K. Poustini, N. Majnoon Hosseini, and A.A. Khajeh-Ahmad Attari. 2004. Physiological responses of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties to salinity stress in vegetative growth phase. Journal of Science and Technology in Agriculture and Natural Resource. 7: 103-113 (In Persian).
· Fernandez D.M., and J. Herrero. 2015. Effect of gypsum content on soil water retention. Journal of Hydrology. 528: 122–126.
· Feyzi, M., and S. Saadat.2015. The effect on irrigation water with saline water on soil salinity a crop rotation system. Journal of Water Managenment and Irrigation. 5(1): 11-25. (In Persian).
· Flowers, T.J. 2004. Genetics of plant mineral nutrition. Improving crop salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany. 55: 307-319.
· Gutierrez, B., and R.S. Lavardo. 1994. The effect of soil sodicity on emergence, development and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agriculture Science. 26(2): 169-173.
· Hajiaghaei, M., H. Hosseinnia, and A. Rahimi. 2013. Effect of salinity on the growth characteristics of canola (Brassica napus L.). Technical Journal of Engeenery and Applied Science. 3(18): 2327-2333.
· Irrigoyen J.J., D.W. Emerich, and M. Sanchez Diaz. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants. Physiology of Plant. 84: 55-60.
· Jalali, V.R., M. Saber, and M., Skandari. 2006. Comparison of canola germination in CaCl₂+NaCl solution and natural saline. 9^th Agronomy and Breeding Congress, Iran, Abureyhan Pardis, Tehran. (In Persian).
· Jalili, F., K. Khavazi, and H. Asadi Rahmani. 2011. The effect of fluorescent pseudomonas with ACC deaminase activity on growth characteristics of canola on saline condition. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 2(2): 175-188. (In Persian).
· Kafi, M. 2008. Saline agriculture and its necessity in Iran. Key Papers Proceedings, The 10^th Iranian Crop Sciences Congress. 19-21 August, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian).
· Khan M.A., M.U. Shirazi, M.A. Khan, S.M. Mujtaba, E. Islam, S. Mumtaz, A. Shereen, R.U. Ansari, and M.Y. Ashraf. 2009. Role of proline, K/Na ratio and chlorophyll content in salt tolerance of wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41(2): 633- 638.
· Khatar M., M.R. Mosaddeghi, and A.A. Mahboubi. 2012. Water quality effect on plant-available water and pore size distribution of two texturally-different calcareous soils. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 16(60): 159–172. (In Persian).
· Kumar, A., and A. Bandhu. 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxical Environmental Safety. 60: 324-349.
· Luo, J.Q., L.L. Wang, Q.S. Li, Q.K. Zhang, B.Y. He, Y. Wang, and S.S. Li. 2015. Improvement of hard saline–sodic soils using polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS). Soil and Tillage Research. 149: 12–20.
· Mirmohamadi Meybodi, S.A., and B. Gharayazi. 2002. Physiologic aspects and breeding of salinity stress on plant. Technical Isfahan University Press. (In Persian).
· Moameni, A. 2010. Geographical distribution and salinity levels of soil resources of Iran. Soil Research Journal. 24: 203-215. (In Persian).
· Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25: 239-250.
· Munns, R., and M. Tester. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 651–681.
· Nairizi, S. 2008. Management and use of brackish and saline water in sustainable agriculture. The National Workshop on Use Management of Saline Water. (In Persian).
· Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., H. Sadeghi, and Y. Emam. 2012. Chemical priming with urea and KNO₃ enhances maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) seed viability under abiotic stress. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology. 14: 289 - 295.
· Rajab R.R.R., F.A. Hellal, and M. Abdu El-Hady. 2008. Irrigation water salinity effects on some soil water constants and plant. 12^th International Water Technology Conference, Alexandria, Egypt.
· Safadoos, T.A., B. Dashtpeyma, M.R. Mossadegi, and H. Asgharzadeh. 2018. The effect of water quality on some physical characteristics of soil. Applied Research Soil. 6(2): 58-69. (In Persian).
· Sanders, D., J. Pelloux, C. Brownlee, and J.F. Harper. 2002. Calcium at the crossroads of signaling. Plant and Cell. 14: 401-417.
· Shabani, A., A.R. Sepaskhah, and A.A. Kamkar Haghighi. 2015. Effect of salinity and deficit irrigation on some ions uptake by rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under two planting methods. Iranian Agriculture Research. 34(2): 1-14. (In Persian).
· Shiyab, S. 2011. Effects of NaCl application to hydroponic nutrient solution on macro and micro elements and protein content of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 9: 350-356.
· Slama, I., T. Ghnaya, A. Savoure, and C. Abdelly. 2007. Comparative study of the effects of mannitol and PEG osmotic stress on growth and solute accumulation in Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 61: 10-17.
· Su, J., S. Wu, Z. Xu, S. Qiu, and B. Huang. 2013. Comparison of salt tolerance in Brassicas and some related species. American Journal of Plant Science. 4: 1911-1917.
· Tadayon, M.R., and Y. Emam. 2007. Physiological and morphological responses of two barley cultivars to salt stress and their correlation with grain yield. Journal of Science and Technological Agriculture and Natural Resources. 11: 253–262. (In Persian).