بررسی تغییرات کمی و کیفی ژنوتیپ¬های جدید کلزا تحت شرایط کم آبیاری و کشت تأخیری
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
1 - گروه زراعت. دانشکده کشاورزی. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شهرقدس. تهران. ایران
کلید واژه: اسید چرب, تاريخ کشت, عملکرد دانه, عملکرد روغن, کلزا, کم آبیاری,
چکیده مقاله :
در راستای افزایش عملکرد کمی و کیفی ژنوتیپ های جدید کلزا (Brassica napus L.)، تحت شرایط کم آبیاری و کشت تأخیری، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل-اسپلت پلات در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در استان البرز (کرج) در دو سال زراعي (1400-1399 و 1399-1398) اجرا شد. عامل های آزمایشی شامل تاریخ¬ کاشت در دو سطح (تاریخ کاشت معمول: 10 مهرماه و تاریخ کاشت تاخیری: 30 مهرماه) و آبیاری در دو سطح (آبیاری کامل و کم آبیاری به صورت قطع آبیاری از مرحله خورجین دهی به بعد) به صورت فاکتوریل در کرتهای اصلی و عامل ژنوتیپ در شش سطح (WRL-96-04، WRL-96-05، WRL-96-06، WRL-96-17، WRL-96-19و Nima) در کرت های فرعی قرار گرفتند. سپس، صفات ارتفاع بوته، طول خورجین، تعداد خورجین در بوته، تعداد دانه در خورجین، وزن هزاردانه، عملكرد دانه، درصد روغن دانه و عملکرد روغن دانه و میزان اسیدهای چرب اشباعنشده اولئیک، لینولئیک و لینولنیک و مقدار گلوكوزینولات دانه اندازه گیری شدند. مطابق نتایج آزمایش، تأخیر در كاشت و اعمال کم آبیاری سبب كاهش معني دار همه صفات مورد آزمایش و افزایش مقدار گلوكوزینولات دانه ژنوتیپ های جدید کلزا شد. در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب، ژنوتیپ های WRL-96-05 و WRL-96-04 بالاترین عملکرد دانه (به ترتیب 66/4725 و 25/4517 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد روغن (به ترتیب 08/2066 و 42/1969 کیلوگرم در هکتار) را به خود اختصاص دادند. شرایط کم¬آبیاری به ترتیب موجب کاهش 27 و 30 درصدی عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن نسبت به آبیاری کامل شد. همچنین، کم آبیاری + کشت تأخیری موجب کاهش 12 درصدی میزان روغن شد. بیشترین میزان گلوکوزینولات در کشت تأخیری در ژنوتیپ¬ WRL-96-17 (45/27 میکرومول در گرم کنجاله) به دست آمد. بیشترین میزان لینولئیک و لینولنیک اسید در تاریخ 10 مهرماه (تاریخ کاشت معمول) و آبیاری کامل (به¬ترتیب 85/18 و 60/15 درصد) به دست آمد. به-طورکلی، توصیه می شود که در منطقه کرج، ژنوتیپ های WRL-96-05و WRL-96-04 در شرایط آبیاری کامل و تاریخ کشت معمول (10 مهرماه)، به¬علت عملکرد دانه و روغن بیشتر کشت شوند. کشت تأخیری و کم آبیاری در زراعت کلزا، به دلیل کاهش بیش از 50 درصدی عملکرد دانه و روغن در شرایط اقلیمی مشابه منطقه کرج توصیه نمی شود.
In order to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of new canola (Brassica napus L.) genotypes, under deficit irrigation and delayed planting conditions, an experiment as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed during two experimental years (2019-2021) in Alborz province (Karaj). The experimental factors including planting date in two levels (normal planting date: 2 October and delayed planting date: 22 October) and irrigation (complete irrigation and deficit irrigation in the form of interruption of irrigation at silique formation stage) were considered as factorial in the main plots and genotype factor were placed into six levels (WRL- 96-04, WRL-96-05, WRL-96-06, WRL-96-17, WRL-96-19 and Nima) in the subplot. Then, bush height, pods length, number of pods per bush, number of seeds pod, the weight of one thousand seeds, seed yield, oil percentage and yield, and the amount of oleic, linoleic and linolenic unsaturated fatty acids and seed glucosinolate were measured. According to the experiment results, delayed planting and the application of deficit irrigation caused a significant decrease in all tested traits and an increase in the amount of seed glucosinolates of new rapeseed genotypes. In complete irrigation conditions, genotypes WRL-96-05 and WRL-96-04 have the highest seed yield (4725.66 and 4517.25 kg.ha-1 respectively) and oil yield (2066.08 and 1969.42 kg.ha-1 respectively). Deficit irrigation conditions caused a 27 and 30% decrease in seed yield and oil yield, respectively, compared to complete irrigation. Also, deficit irrigation + delayed planting caused a 12% decrease in the oil content. The highest amount of glucosinolate in delayed planting was obtained in genotype WRL-96-17 (27.45 µmol.g-1 meal). The highest amount of linoleic and linolenic acid was obtained in the normal planting date (2 October) with complete irrigation (18.85% and 15.60%, respectively). In general, it is recommended to cultivate WRL-96-05 and WRL-96-04 genotypes in Karaj region under complete irrigation conditions and the normal planting date (2 October) due to higher seed and oil yield. Delayed planting and deficit irrigation in canola cultivation is not recommended due to the reduction of more than 50% of seed and oil yield in climatic conditions similar to Karaj region.
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