Review on Proto Elamite Tablets

Subject Areas : Archaeology

Zahra  Tavakoli ¹ (Ph.D. Student, Department of Archeology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran)
Morteza  Hessari ² (Associate Professor of Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Research Institute of Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2024-02-01 Accepted : 2024-04-15 Published : 2024-06-25

Keywords: Proto Elamite, Numerical clay tablets, Proto Elamite era extent, Accounting in Proto Elamite,

Abstract :

In the second half of the fourth millennium BC. Southwest Asia underwent social changes, the result of which was the emergence of writing. In these developments, the cuneiform script in the south of the Mesopotamia and the Proto Elamite in the Iranian plateau progressed rapidly to such an extent that at the beginning of Elamite was scattered throughout the Iranian plateau. These writing systems were used for administrative and accounting purposes, and despite the fact that most of their signs are different from each other; there are important similarities between the two. Chalcolithic era, the best period in which you can see the idea of trading's and keeping of account; for the first time in this course, tools are seen which called them Token; it seems that the tokens in a variety of forms and counting symbols refer to a specific concept. The end of this period coincides with the Proto Elamites era in the south and southwest of Iran. Domestic production in the Neolithic period gave his place to the production of a workshop in the Chalcolithic era, which causes a lot of production. In the present study, firstly, will be investigated, small clay counters and then the Proto Elamite texts.

References:

Akbari, H., 2002, Elamite and Elamites, Bastan Pazhohi, No. 9, p. 29.
Alden JA.1982. Trade and Politics in Proto-Elamite Iran, Vol. 23, No. 6 (Dec., 1982), pp. 613-640 (28 pages) Published By: The University of Chicago Press
Alizadeh, A; Ahmadzadeh, L. and Omidfar M. 2014. Ancient settlement systems and cultures in the Ram Hormuz plain, southwestern Iran, Excavations at Tall-e-Geser and Regional surveys of the Ram Hormuz Area, Oriental Institute publications 140.
Alizadeh, A., Aghili, S and Sarlak, S., 2015, “Highland-Lowland Interaction in the Late 4th and Early 3rd Millennium BC: The Evidence from Qoli Darvish, Iranian Central Plateau.” Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 45: 149-168
Algaze, G, 1954, Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization the Evolution of an Urban Landscape, p.137.
Imanpour, M.T, 2006, Hills of Mellan and Urban Development in Anshan / Parseh, Ancient Iran History Quarterly, No. 2, p. 8.
Amiet, P., Tosi,M and Meriggi.P, 1978, “Phase 10 at Shahr-i Sokhta: Excavations in Square XDV and the Late 4th Millennium B.C”. Assemblage of Sīstān. East and West 28 (1/4) (December 1): 9-31.
Amerian, Hamid, 2004 "A Look at Elamites and Their Art", Cultural Studies, Contest, No. 25.
Born, L., Kelley, K., Kambhatla, N., Chen, C and Sarkar, Anoop., 2019, “Sign Clustering and Topic Extraction in Proto-Elamite”, AACL, Minneapolis. MN, USA.
Budja, M, 1998, GalyTokens accounting before writing in Eurasia, Documenta Praehistorica. XXV; 219-235.
Caldwell, J.R. 1967, Investigations at Tall-Iblis (Illinois state Mus. Prelim Report n.9) spring field.
Carter, E and Stolper, 1943, Elam, surveys and History and Archaeology University of California M.W 1943 press.
Curtis, J.,1993, "Mesopotamia and Ancient Iran: the Age of Communication and Conflict", about 3500 to 1600 AD Translation by Kamyar Abdi, London, British Museum Publication, p. 111. - Dahl, J. L., 2002, “Prot-Elamite sign Frequencies”. Cuneiform digital library bulletin 2002/1:1- 3(http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlb/2002/001.html).
Dahl, J. L. 2005b, Animal husbandry in susa during the Proto-Elamite period. Studi micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 47:81-134.
Dahl, J. L. 2009, Early writing in Iran, arepprasal. Iran 47: 23-31.
Dahl, J. L. 2012, The marks of early writing. Iran 50:1-11.
Dahl. Jacob L., 2019, Proto-Elamite Tablets and Fragments. Textes cunéiforme du Louvre 32 (Khéops / Louvre éditions Publishing, Paris).
Damerow, P& Englund , R. K. 1989, The Proto-Elamite text from Tepe Yahya. American school of prehistoric research 39 Harvard.
De Mecquenem, R. 1949, Epigraphie Proto-elamite Memories Deal Mission Archaeologique en Iran 31. Paris.
De Mecquenem, R, 1956, Notes Proto Elamites.
Desset. F, 2016. "Proto-Elamite writing in Iran" ARCHO-NIL, n 26 June. 2016. Pp 67-105.
England, R, 1998, “Elam IV-Proto-Elamite”, in Encyclopedia Iranica VIII/3 (Costa Mesa, CA, p.325.
England, R, 2004, The State of decipherment of Proto-Elamite.
England, R, 2005, The State of decipherment of Proto-Elamite.
Englund, R. K., 2004, “The state of decipherment of Proto-Elamite” [in:] Houston, S.(ed), The first writing script invention as history and process Cambridge: 100-149.
Firoozmandi, B, Niknamami, K., Mirasheh, Z., 2017, "Evidence of the activity of the economic enterprises in the Proto Elamit tablets of Susa", Archaeological studies, 9, No. 1, p. 253.
Grishman, R., 1993, "Iran from the beginning to Islam", translation by Mohammad Moein, Scientific cultural publication.
Hinets, W, 1992, The Lost World of Eilam, Scientific and Cultural Publication
Hesari, M.,1999, Proto Elamite Culture in Iran, Bastan Pazhohi, No. 5 & 6, p. 1.
Hesari, M, Akbari, H.,2004, "The emergence of the line in Iran", Iranian Studies Journal, Third Year, Sixth, p. 8
Hesari, M, Yousefi Zashk R.,2009; "The emergence of pre-state institutions in the central plateau of Iran,Proto Elamite Khan Salar in the Tepe Sofalin of Pishva", Archaeological studies Volume 1, Issue 2, p. 6.
Hessari M. 2011, New evidence of the emergence of complex societies discovered on the central Iranian plate au. Iran Archaeologe stud 1 (2).
Le Brun, A. vallat f, 1982 in Alden, J. Trade and Politics Proto-Elamite Iran, CA23.
Majidzadeh, Y.,1997, Mesopotamian History and Civilization, Volume I, University Publishing Center, Scientific and Cultural Publishing.
Mort G.A, 1998, "Ancient Mesopotamian Art", translation by Mohammad Rahim Sarraf and Zahra Basti, Samt, Tehran.
Potts, D. T, 1999, The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Iranian State Cambridge University Press. P.126.
Powell, E.M, Javadi Najaf Abad,M. 1999, Cuneiform, Bastan Pazhohi, No. 7, p. 41.
Razani, M, Emami, M., Abed Isfahani, A.,2009, A Look at the Newfinde from JirofT., Archeological excavations, Year 5, Number 3.
Schmandt, B,1992. Tokens: the cognitive significance center for Middle Eastern Studies, The University of Texas Austin, USA, p.24.
Scheil, V. 1900, Textes elamites-semitiques (Premiere serie) Memories de Delegation en Perse 2. Paris
Scheil, V. 1905, Texte de comptabilite (=Memories de la Mission Archaeologique 26 ,265:)
Scheil, V,1923,. Textes de comptabilite Proto-elamites, avec liste de singes Proto-elamites. Memories de la Mission Archaeologique de perse 17. Paris.

Scheil, V. 1935. Textes de comptabilite Proto-elamites. Memories de la Mission Archaeologique de perse 26. Paris.

Seyed Sajjadi, M.,2004, "The beginning of urbanization in the eastern half of the Iranian plateau", Anthropology Letter, third year, issue 6.
Seyed Sejadi, M, 2008, The First Cities of Iran (Volume II) Tehran: Publication of Organization for Studying and Compiling Humanities Books of Universities (Samt).
Steve, M.J and Gasche, H., 1971 Acropole de Suse MDAL, XLVI.
Stolper. M.W.1985, Proto-elamite text from tall Malyan.

Wright, H, Tand G, Johnson, A,1975, Population, Exchange and Early State Formation in Southwestern Iran. Anthropology, 210: 260.
Vallat, F.1971, Les documents epigraphiques de I' Acropole (1969-1971). Chiers de la D.A.F.I.1