Abstract :
Conventional passive distribution networks are changing to modern active distribution networks which are not radial.
Conventional load flow methods should be modified for new distribution networks analysis. In modern distribution networks
distributed generation (DG) units are embedded with conventional and/or renewable resources. DG units are generally modeled
as PV or PQ nodes which inject active power electricity to the network. Modeling of a DG unit is dependent on the operation and
its type of connection to the grid. This paper considers the most important new load flow methods for DG integrated distribution
networks. The methods are analyzed and compared with each other. Every method has advantages and disadvantages in different
conditions. So, comparison of these methods can be useful to select the best method for a typical network. As a result, some
suggestions are proposed to apply the new methods.
References:
[1] M. Aliakbar-Golkar, “Design and operation of electric
distribution systems”, K.N.Toosi University, Tehran, 2001.
[2] N. Hadjsaid, M.C. Alvarez-Hérault, R. Caire, B. Raison, J.
Descloux and W. Bienia, “Novel architectures and operation
modes of distribution network to increase DG integration”, IEEE
Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp.1-6, 25-29 July,
2010.
[3] S.M. Moghadas-Tafreshi and E. Mashhour, “Distributed
generation modeling for power flow studies and a three-phase
unbalanced power flow solution for radial distribution systems
considering distributed generation”, Electric Power Syst.
Research, Vol. 79, pp.680-686, 2009.
[4] H. Yang, F. Wen, L. Wang and S.N. Singh, “Newton-downhill
algorithm for distribution power flow analysis”, 2nd IEEE Int.
Conf. on Power and Energy, Johor Baharu, Malaysia, Dec. 1-3,
2008.
[5] L.R. Araujo, D.R.R. Penido, S. Carneiro Jr, J.L.R. Pereira and
P.A.N. Garcia, “A comparative study on the performance of
TCIM full Newton versus backward-forward power flow
methods for large distribution systems”, IEEE Power Syst. Conf.
and Exposition, pp.522-526, Oct. 29- Nov. 1, 2006.
[6] Da Costa V.M., Martins M. and Preira J.L.R., “An augmented
Newton-Raphson power flow formulation based on current
injections”, Electrical Power and Energy Syst., Vol. 23, pp.305-
312, 2001.
[7] S. Kamel, M. Abdel-Akher and M.K. El-Nemr, “A new
technique to improve voltage controlled nodes (PV nodes) in the
current injection Newton-Raphson power flow analysis”, 45th
Int. Universities Power Engineering Conf. (UPEC), Agu. 31-
Sept. 3, pp.1-4, 2010.
[8] T.H. Chen, M.S. Chen, K.J. Hwang, P. Kotas and E.A. Chebli,
“Distribution system power flow analysis- A rigid approach”,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp.1146-1152,
July 1991.
[9] A.G. Bhutad, S.V. Kulkarni and S.A. Khaparde, “Three-phase
load flow methods for radial distribution networks”, TENCON
Conf. on Convergent Technologies for Asia-Pacific Region,
Vol. 2, pp.781-785, 15-17 Oct., 2003.
[10] H. Chen, J. Chen, D. Shi and X. Duan, “Power flow study and
voltage stability analysis for distribution systems with
distributed generation”, IEEE Power Engineering Society
General Meeting, pp.1-8, 2006.
[11] C.A. Penuela, M. Granada E. and J.R.S Mantovani,
"Probabilistic analysis of the distributed power generation in
weakly meshed distribution systems", IEEE/PES Transmission
and Distribution Conf. and Exposition: Latin America T&D-LA,
pp.171-177, 8-10 Nov. 2010.
[12] G.X. Luo and A. Semlyen, “Efficient load flow for large weakly
meshed networks”, IEEE Trans. on Power Syst., Vol. 5, No. 4,
pp.1309-1316, 1990.
[13] A. Augugliaro, L. Dusonchet, S. Favuzza, M.G. Ippolito and
E.R. Sanseverino, “A new backward/forward method for
solving radial distribution networks with PV nodes”, Electric
Power Syst. Research, Vol. 78, pp.330-336, 2008.
[14] P. Acharjee and S.K. Goswami, “Simple but reliable two-stage
GA based load flow”, Electric Power Components and Syst.,
Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.47-62, 2008.
[15] D. Chakraborty, C.P. Sharma, B. Das, K. Abhishek and T.
Malakar, “Distribution load flow solution using genetic
algorithm”, 3rd IEEE Int. Conf. on Power Syst., Kharagpur,
India, Dec. 27-29, 2009.
[16] P. Acharjee, and S.K. Goswami, “Chaotic Particle Swarm
Optimization based reliable algorithm to overcome the
limitations of conventional power flow methods”, IEEE/PES
Power Syst. Conf. and Exposition (PSCE), pp.1-7, 15-18
March, 2009.
[17] A. Rathinam, S. Padmini and V. Ravikumar, “Application of
supervised learning artificial neural networks [CPNN,BPNN]
for solving power flow problem”, IET-UK Int. Conf. on
Information and Communication Technology in Electrical
Science (ICTES), India, Dec. 20-22, pp.156-160, 2007.
[18] M. Cai, R. Chen and L. Kong, “Hyper-chaotic neural network
based on Newton iterative method and its application in solving
load flow equations of power system”, Int. Conf. on Measuring
Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), pp.226-
229, 2009
