Extraction of Sensory part of Ulnar Nerve Signal Using Blind Source Separation Method

Subject Areas : International Journal of Smart Electrical Engineering

Alireza Kashaninia ¹ , S Nooreddin Jafari ²

1 - Assistant Professor in Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (IAUCTB), Advanced Bionic Systems (ABS) lab, Tehran, Iran.
2 - M. Sc Degree in Electrical Engineering, Department of electrical engineering, Islamic Azad University, Langaroud branch, Guilan, Iran

Received: 2015-04-12 Accepted : 2015-04-12 Published : 2012-03-01

Keywords: PNS1, ENG2, surface electrode, Ulnar nerve signals, sensory signal, motor signal, BSS3, PCA4, ICA5, Correlation analysis,

Abstract :

A recorded nerve signal via an electrode is composed of many evokes or action potentials, (originated from individual axons) which may be considered as different initial sources. Recovering these primitive sources in its turn may lead us to the anatomic originations of a nerve signal which will give us outstanding foresights in neural rehabilitations. Accordingly, clinical interests may be raised on extraction of sensory and motor components of the nerve signals in neural injuries. One example is to extract sensory fraction in sacral nerve to sense the bladder filling up in paraplegic or quadriplegic people [3]. Blind Source Separation (BSS) methods seem good solutions for extraction of the initial sources which are contributing in recorded mixed sources. Considering the nerve signal as a superposition of many axonal or fascicular signals, we have encouraged to try BSS methods to see whether it can recover the sensory and motor sources of a recorded nerve signal. Accordingly, both PCA and ICA techniques were examined in a case study (human left arm), in which the response of the ADM muscle to the Ulnar nerve stimulation were recorded in two points. The corresponded sensory signal was recorded on the pinkie at the same time (all recordings were done via surface electrodes). It was shown that ICA (supremely better than PCA) was able to separate initial sources (ADM recorded signals) into two signals so that one of them was most similar to the sensory (Pinkie) signal. The level of similarity was quantified via correlation analysis. As the result, it is concluded that ICA is capable of extracting Sensory and Motor signals in PNS.

References:

[1] Z. Navarro et al, "A critical review of interfaces with the

peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses

and hybrid bionic systems", Journal of the Peripheral Nervous

System, Vol.10, pp.229–258, 2005.

[2] Ming-Shaung Ju, Hsin-Chun Chien, Gin-Shin Chen, Chou-

Ching K. Lin1, Cheng-Hung Chang, Chi-Wen Chang, "Design

and Fabrication of Multi-microelectrode Array for Neural

Prosthesis", Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering,

Vol.22, No.1, pp.33-40, Accepted 8 April 2002.

[3] A. Harb, Y. HU, M. Sawan, A. Abdelkerim, M.M. elhilali",

Low-Power CMOS Interface for Recording and Processing

Very Low Amplitude Signals", Analog Integrated Circuits and

Signal Processing, Vol.39, pp.39–54, 2004.

[4] Tessler, A., “Intraspinal transplants”, Ann. Neurol., Vol.29,

pp.115-123, 1991.

[5] Schnell, L., Schwab, M.E., “Sprouting and regeneration of

lesioned corticospinal tract fibres in the adult rat spinal cord”,

Eur. J. Neurosci., Vol.5, pp.1156-1171, 1993.

[6] Schwab, M.E., Kapfhammer, J.P., Bandtlow, C.E., “Inhibitors

of neurite growth.”, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., Vol.16, pp.565-595,

1993.

[7] Faden, A.I., Salzman, S.K., “The Neurobiology of Central

Nervous System Trauma.”, Experimental pharmacology. In:

Salzman, S.K., Faden, A.I. (Eds.), Oxford University Press,

Oxford, pp.227-244, 1994.

[8] Reier, P.J., Anderson, D.K., Schrimsher, G.W., Bao, J.,

Friedman, R.M., Ritz, L.A., Stokes, B.T., “Neural cell grafting:

anatomical and functional repair of the spinal cord”, In:

Salzman, S.K., Faden, A.L. (Eds.), “The Neurobiology of

Central Nervous System Trauma”, Oxford University Press,

Oxford, pp.288-311, 1994.

[9] Li, Y., Field, P.M., Raisman, G, “Repair of adult rat

corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing

cells”, Science 277, pp.2000-2002, 1997.

[10] P. Decherchia,_P. Gauthierb, “Regeneration of Acutely and

Chronically Injured Descending Respiratory Pathways Within

Post-Traumatic Nerve Grafts”, Neuroscience Vol.112, No.1,

pp.141-152, 2002.

[11] M. Firuzi, P. Moshayedi, H. Saberi, H. Mobasheri, F.

Abolhassani, MA. Oghabian, “Effects of schwan cell

transplantation on recovery of spinal cord injury of rat: A

remedy for spinal cord injuries FENS”, Federation of European

Neurosciences, 4th Forum of European Nerosciences,Hosted

by Federation of European Neurosciences Societies (FENS),

Lisbon, Portugal, July 10-14, 2004.

[12] Akin T, Najafi K, Smoke RH, Bradley RM, “A micromachined

silicon sieve electrode for nerve regeneration applications”,

IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, Vol.41, pp.305–313, 1994.

[13] Wallman L, Zhang Y, Laurell T, Danielsen N., “The geometric

design of micromachined silicon sieve electrodes influences

functional nerve regeneration.”, Biomaterials, Vol.22,

pp.1187–1193, 2001.

[14] Najafi K, Wise KD., “An implantable multielectrode array with

on-chip signal processing”, IEEE J Solid State Circuits Vol.21,

pp.1035–1044, 1986.

[15] Najafi K, Wise KD, Mochizuki T., “A high-yield ICcompatible

multichannel recording array”, IEEE Trans Electron

Devices, Vol.32, pp.1206–1211, 1985.

[16] John W. Clark, Jr., “Medical Instrumentation, Application and

Design, chapter 4: The Origin of Biopotentials”, Houghton

Mifflin Company, 1992.

[17] A.V. Holden, “Lecture notes in biomathematics models of

stochastic activity of neurons”, Vol. 12, Springer Verlag, 1976.

[18] A. Pappolis, “Probability and stochastic process”, Prentice

Hall, 1991.

[19] W. Tesfayesus', P. Yoo, D. M. Durand, "Blind Source

Separation of Nerve Cuff Recordings" Proceedings of the 25*

Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Cancun,

Mexico - September 17-21, 2003.

[20] WTesfayesus and D M Durand, "Blind source separation of

peripheral nerve recordings", J. Neural Eng., Vol.4, pp. S157–

S167, 2007.

[21] W. Tesfayesus, P. Yoo, M. Moffitt, and D. M. Durand, "Blind

Source Separation of Nerve Cuff Recordings", Proceedings of

the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS,

San Francisco CA, September 1-5, 2004.

[22] Jolliffe IT. “Principal Component Analysis”. New York:

Springer-Verlag, 1988.

[23] Jezernik S, Grill WM, Sinkjaer T., "Detection and inhibition of

hyperreflexia-like bladder contractions in the cat by sacral

nerve root recording and electrical stimulation", Neurourol

Urodyn., Vol.20, No.2, pp.215-30, 2001