تطبیق نهاد نقض قابل پیش بینی قرارداد با مفهوم واجب موسع در اصول فقه
محورهای موضوعی : اصول فقه
عباس میرشکاری
1
(استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
امیر جوادی
2
(دانش آموخته دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد ورامین، ورامین، ایران.)
کلید واژه: زمان, فسخ, متعهدله, : نقض قابل پیش بینی قرارداد, واجب موسع,
چکیده مقاله :
تئوری نقض قابل پیش بینی قرارداد از شرایطی حکایت دارد که در آن یکی از طرفین با وجود مشاهدات و محاسبات خود نمی تواند به طور منطقی منتظر طرف دوم قرارداد جهت اجرای آن باشد. این تئوری در قراردادهایی موضوعیت می یابد که انجام آن منوط به مدت مشخصی باشد. در نظام حقوقی ایران تئوری نقض قابل پیش بینی قرارداد به طور صریح پذیرفته نشده است حتی در مواد خاصی نیز عملا امکان طرح چنین تئوری میسر نمی باشد. اما از آنجایی که سرعت و امنیت در قراردادهای تجاری یکی از عناصر اصلی می باشند، طرح این تئوری در نظام حقوقی ایران این اجازه را به متعهدله می دهد که در صورت تاخیر بیش از اندازه متعهد برای انجام تعهدات قراردادی منتظر او نماند و با طرح این نوع نقض بتواند زمان مناسبی جهت جبران زمان از دست رفته داشته باشد. هرچند برای طرح این تئوری نیز در هر نظام حقوقی موانعی وجود دارد اما پذیرش آن می تواند بسیار کاربردی تر جلوه گر شود. در اصول فقه نیز در مبحثی با عنوان واجب موسع به انجام تکلیف در مدت زمان مشخص اشاره شده است که می توان از مبانی این واجب در طرح تئوری نقض قابل پیش بینی استفاده کرد. مهمترین سوالی که در این مقاله در پی پاسخ دادن به آن هستیم این است که با چه ابزاری می توان تئوری نقض قابل پیش بینی را در نظام حقوقی ایران توجیه کرد. با تامین این هدف از خاستگاه این تئوری تا تحلیل های حقوقی آن پیش رفته ایم.
The theory of foreseeable breach of contract refers to a situation in which one of the parties, despite his observations and calculations, cannot reasonably wait for the other party to execute the contract. This theory is relevant in contracts that are subject to a certain period of time. In Iran's legal system, the theory of foreseeable breach of contract is not explicitly accepted, even in certain articles, it is practically not possible to propose such a theory. But since speed and security are one of the main elements in commercial contracts, the design of this theory in Iran's legal system allows the obligor not to wait for the obligee to fulfill his contractual obligations in case of excessive delay, and by planning this type of violation, he can have a suitable time to compensate for the lost time. Although there are obstacles for proposing this theory in every legal system, its acceptance can be much more practical. In the principles of jurisprudence, in a topic entitled extended obligation, it is mentioned to perform the duty within a certain period of time, and the basics of this obligation can be used in the theory of predictable violation. The most important question that we are trying to answer in this article is with what tool the theory of foreseeable violation can be justified in Iran's legal system. By providing this goal, we have progressed from the origin of this theory to its legal analysis.
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