Salicylic acid and boric acid improve flower growth, yield, and cold tolerance in French marigold (Tagetes patula)

Subject Areas : Stress Physiology

Toktam Moradian ¹ , Rahele Ghanbari Moheb Seraj ² , Ahmad Asgharzade ³

1 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan Branch, Shirvan, Iran
2 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan Branch, Shirvan, Iran

Received: 2022-03-19 Accepted : 2023-03-06 Published : 2023-10-01

Keywords: SA, Proline, Cold stress, BA, Antioxidant enzymes,

Abstract :

A decrease in air temperature harms many ornamental plants, especially flowers grown in green space. To prevent cold stress, various elicitors are used that reduce the harmful effects of low temperature. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the impact of two elicitor's salicylic acid and boric acid on the growth and yield parameters of French marigold (Tagetes patula). Next, these plants were exposed to cold stress, and their physiological and morphological traits were also studied. Results showed that the application of elicitors, especially in higher concentrations, had a positive effect on morphological and physiological traits. Interaction of SA×BA with a concentration of 2mM, increased flower diameter (20%), stem height (19%), stem and root fresh weight (27 and 35% respectively), stem and root dry weight (31 and 39% respectively), and flower quality (26%). Also, the interaction of these two elicitors led to a decrease in ion leakage (22%), malondialdehyde (28%), and proline (24%) content, and an increase in chlorophyll fluorescence (28%), catalase (20%) and ascorbate peroxidase (33%) activity. In general, the application of salicylic acid and boric acid interaction treatment with 2mM concentration improved growth and yield characteristics and cold stress tolerance in French marigold.

References:

Aebi, H. 1974. In HU Bergmeyer (ed.). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Academic Press, New York

Afrousheh, M., H. Hokmabadi, H. Arab and A. Tajabadipour. 2018. Evaluation of Freezing Damage in some Pistachio Seedling Rootstocks. Journal of Nuts, 9, (1) 77-83.

Aftab, M., M. Anwar-Ul-Haq, J. Akhtar and E. A. Waraich. 2015. Salinity and boron tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) varieties: A short-term hydroponic study. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 17, (4)

Ahmad, W., M. H. Zia, S. S. Malhi, A. Niaz and S. Ullah. 2012. Boron Deficiency in soils and crops: a review. Crop plant, 2012, 65-97.

Allaire, J. 2012. RStudio: integrated development environment for R. Boston, MA, 770, (394) 165-171.

Asif, M. 2008. Effect of various NPK levels on growth, yield and xanthophyll contents of Marigold. MSc Th esis Inst of Hort Sci, Univ of Agric, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 95.

Babarabie, M., H. Zarei and S. Badeli. 2018. Morphological, physiological and biochemical response of Chrysanthemum to thiamine and salicylic acid. Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding, 8, (2) 109-120.

Bates, L. S., R. P. Waldren and I. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and soil, 39, (1) 205-207.

Bellaloui, N., Y. Hu, A. Mengistu, M. A. Kassem and C. A. Abel. 2013. Effects of foliar boron application on seed composition, cell wall boron, and seed δ15N and δ13C isotopes in water-stressed soybean plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 270.

 Bigdeli, M. M., A. Imani and M. Shamili. 2016. Effects of boron and cold stress on germination of almond pollen in vitro culture.

Chowdhury, M. S. H., M. Koike, N. Muhammed, M. A. Halim, N. Saha and H. Kobayashi. 2009. Use of plants in healthcare: a traditional ethno-medicinal practice in rural areas of southeastern Bangladesh. International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management, 5, (1) 41-51.

De Mendiburu, F. 2014. Agricolae: statistical procedures for agricultural research. R package version, 1, (1)

Dezhabad, F. and M. Haghighi. 2020. Bottom-cold stress was less harmful than cold-air stress on tomato seedling production treated with boric acid. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42, (4) 1-13.

 Dordas, C. and P. Brown. 2000. Permeability of boric acid across lipid bilayers and factors affecting it. The Journal of membrane biology, 175, (2) 95-105.

Dugger, W. 1983. Boron in plant metabolism. ln: Encyclopedia of plant physiology (Eds.: A. Pirson and MH Zimmermann). Vol. 158 (New Series). Springer-Verlag, Berlin

Edward, F. 1999. Fact Sheet FPS-569. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,

Hajiboland, R. and S. Bastani. 2012. Tolerance to water stress in boron-deficient tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. Folia Horticulturae, 24, (1) 41.

Han, S., L.-S. Chen, H.-X. Jiang, B. R. Smith, L.-T. Yang and C.-Y. Xie. 2008. Boron deficiency decreases growth and photosynthesis, and increases starch and hexoses in leaves of citrus seedlings. Journal of plant physiology, 165, (13) 1331-1341.

Horváth, E., G. Szalai and T. Janda. 2007. Induction of abiotic stress tolerance by salicylic acid signaling. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 26, (3) 290-300.

Huang, L., Z. Ye, R. W. Bell and B. Dell. 2005. Boron nutrition and chilling tolerance of warm climate crop species. Annals of botany, 96, (5) 755-767.

Janda, T., G. Szalai, I. Tari and E. Paldi. 1999. Hydroponic treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effects of chilling injury in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Planta, 208, (2) 175-180.

Keshavarz, H., S. a. M. M. Sanavy and R. S. G. Moghadam. 2016. Impact of foliar application with salicylic acid on biochemical characters of canola plants under cold stress condition. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 8, (1) 98-105.

Kosová, K., I. T. Prášil, P. Vítámvás, P. Dobrev, V. Motyka, K. Floková, O. Novák, V. Turečková, J. Rolčik and B. Pešek. 2012. Complex phytohormone responses during the cold acclimation of two wheat cultivars differing in cold tolerance, winter Samanta and spring Sandra. Journal of plant physiology, 169, (6) 567-576.

Koyro, H.-W., P. Ahmad and N. Geissler. 2012. Abiotic stress responses in plants: an overview. Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change, 1-28.

Liu, X., Y. Zhou, J. Xiao and F. Bao. 2018. Effects of chilling on the structure, function and development of chloroplasts. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 1715.

Lordkaew, S., B. Dell, S. Jamjod and B. Rerkasem. 2011. Boron deficiency in maize. Plant and Soil, 342, (1) 207-220.

Lu, Y.-B., L.-T. Yang, Y. Li, J. Xu, T.-T. Liao, Y.-B. Chen and L.-S. Chen. 2014. Effects of boron deficiency on major metabolites, key enzymes and gas exchange in leaves and roots of Citrus sinensis seedlings. Tree physiology, 34, (6) 608-618.

Mansouri, H. 2012. Salicylic acid and sodium nitroprusside improve postharvest life of chrysanthemums. Scientia Horticulturae, 145, 29-33.

Marschner, H. 2011. Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press

Matoh, T. 1997. Boron in plant cell walls. Plant and Soil, 193, (1) 59-70.

Misra, S. and B. Patil. 1987. Effect of boron on seed yield in Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 158, (1) 34-37.

Mortazavi, S., V. Karimi and M. Azimi. 2015. Pre-harvest foliar application of humic acid, salicylic acid and calcium chloride to increase quantitative and qualitative traits of Lilium longiflorum cut flowers. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 6, (23)

Movahhedi Dehnavi, M., A. Yadavi and M. Merajipoor. 2017. Physiological responses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to foliar application of boron and zinc under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 6, (20) 27-36.

Mutlu, S., Ö. Atıcı, B. Nalbantoğlu and E. Mete. 2016. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates cold damage by regulating antioxidative system in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Frontiers in Life Science, 9, (2) 99-109.

Naeem, M., M. S. Naeem, R. Ahmad, R. Ahmad, M. Y. Ashraf, M. Z. Ihsan, F. Nawaz, H.-U.-R. Athar, M. Ashraf and H. T. Abbas. 2018. Improving drought tolerance in maize by foliar application of boron: water status, antioxidative defense and photosynthetic capacity. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64, (5) 626-639.

Nakano, Y. and K. Asada. 1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts; its inactivation in ascorbate-depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Plant and cell physiology, 28, (1) 131-140.

Nasef, M., N. Badran and A. Abd El-Hamide. 2006. Response of peanut to foliar spray with boron and/or rhizobium inoculation. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2, (12) 1330-1337.

Nawaz, M., S. Ishaq, H. Ishaq, N. Khan, N. Iqbal, S. Ali, M. Rizwan, A. A. Alsahli and M. N. Alyemeni. 2020. Salicylic Acid Improves Boron Toxicity Tolerance by Modulating the Physio-Biochemical Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.) at an Early Growth Stage. Agronomy, 10, (12) 2013.

Rajjou, L., M. Belghazi, R. Huguet, C. Robin, A. Moreau, C. Job and D. Job. 2006. Proteomic investigation of the effect of salicylic acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense mechanisms. Plant physiology, 141, (3) 910-923.

Riaz, M., L. Yan, X. Wu, S. Hussain, O. Aziz, Y. Wang, M. Imran and C. Jiang. 2018. Boron alleviates the aluminum toxicity in trifoliate orange by regulating antioxidant defense system and reducing root cell injury. Journal of environmental management, 208, 149-158.

     Ruelland, E., M.-N. Vaultier, A. Zachowski and V. Hurry. 2009. Cold signalling and cold acclimation in plants. Advances in botanical research, 49, 35-150.

Saadati, S., B. Baninasab, M. Mobli and M. Gholami. 2019. Measurements of freezing tolerance and their relationship with some biochemical and physiological parameters in seven olive cultivars. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 41, (4) 1-11.

Saleem, M., Q. Fariduddin and T. Janda. 2021. Multifaceted role of salicylic acid in combating cold stress in plants: a review. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40, 464-485.

Sauter, M. and H. Kende. 1992. Gibberellin-induced growth and regulation of the cell division cycle in deepwater rice. Planta, 188, (3) 362-368.

Scott, I. M., S. M. Clarke, J. E. Wood and L. A. Mur. 2004. Salicylate accumulation inhibits growth at chilling temperature in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 135, (2) 1040-1049.

Siddiqui, K. S. and R. Cavicchioli. 2006. Cold-adapted enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem, 75, 403-433.

Sindoni, M., J. Zamora and R. Ramirez. 1994. Symptoms of boron deficiency and dry matter production in sesame. Agronomic Tropical (Maracay), 44, (1) 135-150.

Soliman, M. H., A. A. Alayafi, A. A. El Kelish and A. M. Abu-Elsaoud. 2018. Acetylsalicylic acid enhance tolerance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to chilling stress, improving photosynthesis, antioxidants and expression of cold stress responsive genes. Botanical studies, 59, (1) 1-17.

Sun, Y., G. Niu, C. Perez, H. B. Pemberton and J. Altland. 2018. Responses of marigold cultivars to saline water irrigation. HortTechnology, 28, (2) 166-171.

Team, R. C. 2017. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Vienna, Austria: 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing.

Vasudevan, P., S. Kashyap and S. Sharma. 1997. Tagetes: a multipurpose plant. Bioresource Technology, 62, (1-2) 29-35.

Verma, S., S. Nizam and P. K. Verma. 2013. Biotic and abiotic stress signaling in plants. In Stress Signaling in Plants: Genomics and Proteomics Perspective, Volume 1:25-49: Springer. Number of 25-49 pp.

Wan, S.-B., L. Tian, R.-R. Tian, Q.-H. Pan, J.-C. Zhan, P.-F. Wen, J.-Y. Chen, P. Zhang, W. Wang and W.-D. Huang. 2009. Involvement of phospholipase D in the low temperature acclimation-induced thermotolerance in grape berry. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47, (6) 504-510.

Yadav, S. K. 2010. Cold stress tolerance mechanisms in plants. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 30, (3) 515-527.