Earthquake ground-motion prediction in the Khalkhal region, NW Iran
Subject Areas :
other Subjects
Akram Alizadeh
1
,
Fatemeh Salehi
2
1 - Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Iran
2 - Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Iran
Received: 2022-05-16
Accepted : 2022-11-17
Published : 2023-10-01
Keywords:
Ground-motion,
Ardabil,
seismicity risk,
Talesh,
khalkhal,
Abstract :
Understanding seismic sources in a region help us to identify the level of ground motion. The area around Khalkhal city in the south of Ardabil province, northwest Iran, is a seismic region that is specially, complex from a geodynamic and tectonic point of view. Prevailing tectonic regimes in different geologic time intervals have caused at least two deformation episodes recorded by faults, folds and other tectonic structures. These structures indicate that the dominant tectonic regimes have been compressive. Examination of the seismic power of currently active faults and software analysis of their focal mechanisms, show that major activity in the region is due to faults with trend north-south and northeast-southwest. The results of this study indicate the seismic capacity of the region and the likely occurrence of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than two on the Richter scale. Also, they show that the probability of earthquakes with magnitudes above 5.3 on the Richter scale is one in one hundred years. High a- and b-values indicate the frequency of earthquakes with low magnitude and the generally high seismicity in the region.
References:
Abrahamson NA, Silva WJ (2008) Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground-motion relations. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1): 67-97.
Ambraseys NN, Jackson JA (1998) Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International 133: 390-406.
Ambraseys NN, Melville CP (1982) A history of Persian earthquakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Britain.
Asadian O, Mirzaei AR, Eftekharnezhad J, Ghomashi A, Nozari A (1999) Geological map of Khalkhal-Rezwanshahr quadrangle. Geological Survey of Iran. Quadrangle map scale, 1/100000.
Atkinson GM, Boore DM (2006) Earthquake Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America96 (6): 2181-2205.
Berberian M (1994) Natural hazards and the first earthquake catalogue of Iran. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES). Tehran, Iran: 1, 620.
Berberian M, Yeats RS (1999) Patterns of historical earthquake rupture in the Iranian plateau. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89 (1): 120-139.
Boore DM, Joyner WB, Fumal TE (1997) Equations for Estimating Horizontal Response Spectra and Peak Acceleration from Western North American Earthquakes: A Summary of Recent Work. Seismological Research Letters 68 (1): 128-153.
Boore DM, Atkinson GM (2008) Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1): 99-138.
Campbell KW (1997) Empirical near-source attenuation relationships for horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra. Seismological Research Letters 68 (1): 154-179.
Campbell KW, Bozorgnia Y (2008) NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1): 139-171.
Darvishzadeh A (2006) Geology of Iran (Stratigraphy, Tectonic, Metamorphism and Magmatism). Amirkabir Publications 30(1):23-7.
Dehghan AN, Yazdi A (2023) A Geomechanical Investigation for Optimizing the Ultimate Slope Design of Shadan Open Pit Mine, Iran, Indian Geotechnical Journal, 1-15.
Doroozi R, Vaccaro C, Masoudi F, Petrini R (2016) Cretaceous alkaline volcanism in south Marzanabad, northern central Alborz, Iran: Geochemistry and petrogenesis Geoscience. Frontiers 7: 937-95.
Gardner JK, Knopoff L (1974) Is the sequence of earthquake in southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonian? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 64 (5): 1363-1367.
Ghasemi MR (2016) Surface ruptures of the Iranian earthquakes 1900-2014: Insights for earthquake fault rupture hazards and empirical relationships. Earth-Science Reviews 156: 1-13.
Guest B, Axen GJ, Lam, PS, Hassanzadeh J (2006) Late Cenozoic shortening in the westcentralAlborz Mountains, northern Iran, by combined conjugate strike-slip and thin-skinned deformation. Geosphere 2: 35-52.
Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1944) Frequency of earthquakes in California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 34(4): 185-188.
Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1954) Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Karimiazar J, SharifiTeshnizi E, O'Kelly BC, SadeghiSh, Karimizad N, Yazdi A, Arjmandzadeh R (2023) Effect of Nano-Silica on Engineering Properties of Lime-Treated Marl Soil, Transportation Geotechnics 43, 101123
Kasahara H, Narita S (1985) Practical multiprocessor scheduling algorithms for efficient parallel processing. Systems and computers in Japan 16: 11-16.
Kijko A (1988) Maximum likelihood estimation of Gutenberg-Richter b parameter for uncertain magnitudes values. Pure and Applied geophysics 127: 573-579.
Kijko A (2000) Statistical estimation of maximum regional earthquake magnitude Mmax, Workshop of Seismicity Modeling in Seismic Hazard Mapping, Poljce, Slovenia. Geol Survey May 22-24, 1-10.
Kijko A (2004) Estimation of the maximum earthquake magnitude, Mmax. Pure Applied Geophysics 161(8): 1655–1681.
Kijko A, Sellevoll MA (1992) Estimation of earthquake hazard parameters from incomplete data files. Part Π. Incorporation of magnitude hetregenity. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82: 120-134.
Madanipour S, Yassaghi A, Ehlers TA, Enkelmann E (2018) Tectonostratigraphy, structural geometry and kinematics of the NW Iranian Plateau margin: Insights from the Talesh Mountains, Iran. American Journal of Science 318 (2): 208-245.
Mirzaei N, Gao M, Chen YT (1997) Evaluation of uncertainty of earthquakes parameters for the purpose of seismic zoning of Iran. Earthquake Research in China 11: 197-212.
Nazari H, Shahidi A (2011) Tectonic of Iran «Alborz». Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran. Research Institute for Earth Science, 97p.
Nowroozi A (1985) Empirical relations between magnitude and fault parameters for earthquakes in Iran. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75 (5): 1327-1338.
Reasenberg P (1985) Second-order moment of central California seismicity, 1969-1982. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 90 (B7): 5479-5495.
Rezaeian M, Kuijper CB, van der Boon A, Pastor-Gálan D, Cotton LJ, Langereis CG, Krijgsman W (2020) Post-Eocene coupled oroclines in the Talesh (NW Iran). Paleomagnetic constraints. Tectonophysics 786: 228-459.
Sadeghi R, Saeedi A, Arian M, Ghorashi M, Solgi A (2015) Comparison of Strain Ellipsoid Shape in the South of Ardabil Range (NW), Based on the Results of the Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy and Paleostress Methods. Open Journal of Geology 5: 611-622.
Somerville PG (2000) Magnitude scaling of near fault ground motion. Proc. Int. Workshop on Annual Commemoration of Chi-Chi earthquake 1, 59-70.
VahdatiDaneshmand F, Nadim H (2001) Geological map of Marzanabad quadrangle. Geological Survey of Iran. Quadrangle map scale, 1/100000.
Wells DL, Coppersmith KJ (1994) New Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area and Surface Displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84 (4): 974-1002.
Wen KL, Bard PY, Sánchez-Sesma FJ, Higashi S, Iwata T, Maeda T (2018) Effect of surface geology on seismic motion: challenges of applying ground motion simulation to seismology and earthquake engineering. Earth, Planets and Space 70: 178.
Zhuang J, Ogata Y, Vere-Jones D (2002) Stochastic declustering of space-time earthquake Occurrences. Journal of the American Statistical Association 97 (458): 369-380.
