• Home
  • Origin and development of Skarn-Forming fluids from the Band-e-Narges Skarn Iron ore, Central Iran

Share To

Article Url


Manuscript ID : IJES-2006-1490 (R7) Visit : 153 Page: 25 - 39

10.30495/ijes.2021.1901981.1490

Article Type: Original Research

Origin and development of Skarn-Forming fluids from the Band-e-Narges Skarn Iron ore, Central Iran

Subject Areas : Economic Geology

Maliheh Nazari 1 , Mohammad Lotfi 2 , Nematallah Rashidnejad omran 3 , Nima Nezafati 4

1 - Department of Science College of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Geology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Geology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2020-06-13 Accepted : 2020-11-19 Published : 2020-11-19

Keywords: Band-e-Narges, skarn, fluid inclusion, Iron ore, Sulfur Isotope, Geochemistry,

Abstract :

The Band-e-Narges magnetite deposit is located in central part of Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA). Wide I-type calk-alkaline and alkalin magmatic activity in the Koh-e- Latif region has been reported due to Eocene intrusive processes in UDMA. The iron ores are hosted by Cretaceous limestone intruded by granite and granodiorite units. Genetic model of this deposit was determined using petrological, stable isotope, fluid inclusion and mineralographical data. Five stages of paragenesis were observed in terms of mineralization in this area: prograde stage, retrograde stage, sulfide-quartz stage, carbonate stage and oxidation stage. According to mineralogy and geochemistry studies, formation of the skarn has resulted from a hydrothermal fluid changing carbonate units to hydrosilicate minerals. The ore minerals showed magnetite features with slight chalcopyrite and pyrite. The δ34S values ranged from +3.31 to +6.29 for the early retrograde stage pyrite and from +5.51 to +7.1 for that of late retrograde stage pyrite + anhydrite pairs. All the δ34S values of pyrite and anhydrite + pyrite were positive with a magmatic sulfur origin in these deposits. Fluid inclusions were observed according to petrographic and microthermometric inclusions within garnet, quartz, and calcite minerals at various stages. Due to high temperature (414 -448 ºC ) and middle salinity (up to 13.186 wt% NaCl) of fluid inclusions in prograde skarn-stage (garnet), the fluid inclusions showed a composition related to magmatic fluids following reaction with calcareous wall rock and fluid inclusions were trapped at pressures of 400 -500 bars, corresponding to depths of 1.5 -2 km in prograde stage. Fluid inclusions in quartz had moderate temperatures (152-303 ºC) and low salinity (7.9-11.3 wt% NaCl) indicating quartz-sulfide stage and late retrograde stage. The presence of fluid inclusions with moderate homogenization temperature (303 ºC) suggested that reboiling has occurred under hydrostatic pressure of 150-250 bars, equivalent to a depth of 1 -1.5 km in the late retrograde skarn and quartz-sulfide stages. Fluid inclusions in calcite had moderate temperatures (160 -287ºC) and low –to- high salinities (0.406-23wt% NaCl). A greater number of the fluid inclusions in the Band-e-Narges deposit had salinity (0.4-23.74 wt% NaCl) and homogenization temperatures (152-448 ºC) showing them as a moderate-high temperature and low–to-high salinity type of deposit. A decline in temperature and variation in salinity documented for the Band-e-Narges deposit would cause a notable decrease in Fe solubility and ore precipitation. Fluid compositions indicated that ore-forming fluid had a high fO2 value and rich Fe concentration in the early stage, while having relatively lower fO2 value and poor Fe concentration in the retrograde and sulfide stages. The data obtained from geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, salinities, and homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusion populations at the Band-e-Narges iron deposit followed a model of boiling as a result of decrease in pressure, mixing, and cooling.

References:


  1. Agard P, Omrani J, Jolivet L, Mouthereau F (2005) Convergence History Across Zagros(Iran):Constraints from Collisional fnd Earlier Deformation. International Journal of Earth Sciences 94: 401-419.
    2.
  2. Alavi M (1994) Tectonic of the Zagros Orogenic Belt of Iran: New Data and Interpretation. Tectonophysics 38: 211-229.
    3.
  3. Alavi M (2004) Regional Stratigraphy of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt of Iran and Its Proforeland Evolution. American Journal of science 304: 1-20.
    4.
  4. Alavi M. (2007). Structures of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt in Iran. American Journal of science 307: 1064-1095.
    5.
  5. Atkinson JW, Einaudi MT (1978) Skarn Formation and Mineralizationin the Contact Aureole at Carr Fork, Bingham. Economic Geology 73: 1326-1365.
    6.
  6. Baratian M, Arian MA, Yazdi A (2018) Petrology and petrogenesis of the SiahKuh intrusive Massive in the South of KhoshYeilagh, Amazonia Investiga, 7 (17), 616-629
    7.
  7. Bodnar RJ (1993) Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O–NaCl solutions. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 57: 683–684.
    8.
  8. Candela PA (1997) A Review of Shallow, Ore-Related Granites, Textures, Volatiles, and Ore Metals. Journal of Petrology 38: 1619-1633.
    9.
  9. Dercourt J, Zonenshain LP, Ricou LE, Kazmin VG, Le Pichon X, Knipper AL, Grandjacquet C, Sbortshikov IM, Geyssant J, Lepvrier C, Pechersky DH (1986) Geological Evolution of the Tethys Belt From the Atlantic to the Pamirs Since The Lias. Tethonophsics 123: 241-315.
    10.
  10. Drummond SE, Ohmoto H (1985) Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology 80(1):126-47.
    11.
  11. Dupuis C,  Beaudoin G (2011) Discriminant Diagram for Iron Oxide Trace Element Fingerprinting of Mineral Deposit Types. Mineralium Deposita 46(4): 319-335.
    12.
  12. Einaudi MT (1982) Description of Skarns Associated with Porphyry Copper Plution.Southwestern North America in: TitleySR (Ed), Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposit, Southwestern North America. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 139-184.
    13.
  13. Einaudi MT, Meinert LD, Newberry RJ (1981) Skarn deposits. Economic Geology 75: 317-391.
    14.
  14. Haghipour A (1977) Geological Map of the Biabanak –Bafg Area 1:500,000.
    15.
  15. Hedenquist HW, Arribas JR,  Reynolds TJ (1998) Evolution of An Intrusion-Centred Hydrothermal System:far Southeast-Lepantoporphyry and Epitermal Cu-Au Deposits,Philippines. Economic Geology93: 373-404.
    16.
  16. Hezarkhani A, Williams- Jones AE, Gammons CH, (1999) Factor controlling copper solubility and chalcopyrite deposition in the sungun porphyry copper deposit, Iran.Mineral Deposita 34: 770-783.
    17.
  17. Hoefs J (2009) Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Sixth ed.SpringerVerlag, Berlin: 1-285.
    18.
  18. Kamvong T,  Zaw Z (2009) The Origin and Evolution of Skarn -Forming Fluids from the Phu Lon Deposit, Northern Loei Fold Belt, Thailand: Evidence from Fluid Inclusion and Sulfur Isotope Studies. Journal of Asian Erath Sciences 34: 624-633.
    19.
  19. Kananian A, Sarjoughian F (2014) Geochemical Characteristics of the Kuh-E Dom Intrusion, Urmieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (Iran): Implications for Source Regions and Magmatic Evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 90: 137-148.
    20.
  20. Leake BE, Woolley AR, Arps CE, Birch WD, Gilbert MC, Grice JD, Hawthorne FC, Kato A, Kisch HJ, Krivovichev VG, Linthout K (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles; report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on new minerals and mineral names. Mineralogical Magazine 61(405):295-310.
    21.
  21. Lingang X, Jingwen M, Fuguan Y, Hennig D,  Jianmin Z (2010) Geology,Geochemistry and Age Constraints on the Mengku Skarn Iron Deposit in Xinjiang Altai, Nw China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 39: 423-440.
    22.
  22. Mahdavi M, Dabiri R, Hosseini ES (2015) Magmatic evolution and compositional characteristics of tertiary volcanic rocks associated with the Venarch manganese mineralization, SW Qom, central Iran. Earth Sciences Research Journal 19(2):141-5.
    23.
  23. Meinert LD (1992) Skarn and Skarndeposits. Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 6: 117-134.
    24.
  24. Mohajjel M, Fergusson CL (2000) Dextraltranspression in Late Cretaceous Continental Collision Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone Western Iran. Journalof Structural Geology 22: 1125-1139.
    25.
  25. Mohamadi P (2006) Mineralogy, Geochemistry of Band-E Nrges Iron Deposit, Southeastkashan. Published M.Se. Thesis. (M.Se), ShahidBeheshti University.
    26.
  26. Mollai H, Pe-Piper G, Dabiri R (2014) Genetic Relationship between Skarn Ore Deposits and Magmatic Activity in the Aharregion, Western Alborz, NW Iran. GeologicaCarpathica 65: 207-225.
    27.
  27. Nazari M (2015) Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Genesis of Band-E Narges Iron Deposit, Southeast Kashan. (PhD), Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.  
    28.
  28. Nicolescu S, Cornell DH, Sodervall U, Odelius H (1998). Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Rare Earth Elements in Grandite Garnet and Other Skarn Related Silicates. European Journal of Mineralogy10: 251-259.
    29.
  29. Ochiai K, Tagiri M, Tanaka H (1993) Behavior of the Rare Earth Elements during the Skarn Formation at the Kamaishi Mine, Japan.Resource Geology43: 291-300.
    30.
  30. Pearce J. (1996) Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes1 (19):120-5.
    31.
  31. Pons JM, Faranhini M, Meinert L, Recio C,  Etcheverry R (2009) Iron Skarns of the Vegas Peladas District, Mendoza, Argentina. Economic Geology104: 157-184.
    32.
  32. Ricou LE, Braud J,  Brunn JH (1977) Le Zagros, in Livre A La Memorie De A.F.De Lapparent(1905-1975).Memoire Hors Serie De La Societegeologique De France 8: 33-52.
    33.
  33. Roedder E (1984) Fluid Inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy 12: 644 p.
    34.
  34. Rose W, Burt DM (1979) Hydrotermal alteration, pp.173-235, in H.L Barnes, ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposit, 2nd ed., Hohn Wiley & Sons, New York,798p. : Hohn Wiley & Sons, New York.
    35.
  35. Sarem MN, Abedini MV, Dabiri R, Ansari MR (2021) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of basic Paleogene volcanic rocks in Alamut region, Alborz Mountain, north of Iran. Earth Sciences Research Journal 25(2):237-45.
    36.
  36. Shepherd TJ, Rankin AH, Alderton DHM (1985) A Partical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies: Glasgow: Blackie; New York: Distributed in the USA by Chapman and Hall.
    37.
  37. Stoklin J (1974) Stratigraphic Lexicon of Iran: Part1: Geological Survey of Iran.
    38.
  38. Wilkinson JJ (2001) Fluid Inclusions in Hydrothermal ore Diposits. Lithos 55: 229-272.
    39.
  39. Yazdi A, Ashja-Ardalan A, Emami MH, Dabiri R, Foudazi M (2019) Magmatic interactions as recorded in plagioclase phenocrysts of quaternary volcanics in SE Bam (SE Iran), Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 11(3): 215-224.
    40.
  40. Yazdi A, ShahHoseini E, Razavi R (2016) AMS, A method for determining magma flow in Dykes (Case study: Andesite Dyke). Research Journal of Applied Sciences 11(3): 62-67.
    41.
  41. Zhang L, Jiang ShY, Xiong SF  Duan DF(2018) Fluid Evolution of Fuzishan Skarn Cu-Mo Deposit from the Edong Disterict in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt of China: Evidence from Petrography, Minerall Assemblages, and Fluid Inclusions.Hindawi Geofluids, 25 Pages.
    42.
  42. Zhang Z, Du Y, Zhang J (2013) Alteration, Mineralization, and Genesis of the Zoned Tongshan Skarn-Type Copper Deposit, Anhui, China. Ore Geology Reviews 53: 489-503.
    43.
  43. Zheng J, Mao JW, Yang F, Chai F,  Zhu Y (2017) Mineralogy,Fluidinclusions and Isotopes of the Cihai Iron Deposit,Easterntianshan,Nwchina:Implication for Hydrothermal Evolution and Genesis of  Subvolcanic Rock-Hosted Skarn-Type Deposits. Ore Geology Reviews 86: 404-425.
    44.
  44. Zhou Z, Mao J, Che H, Ouyang H, Ma X (2017) Metallogeny of the Handagai skarn Fe–Cu deposit, northern Great Xing'an Range, NE China: Constraints on fluid inclusions and skarn genesis. Ore Geology Reviews: 80:623-44.
    45.

Related articles

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024

Home| Login| About Us| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]