Thirteen Most Common Trends Shaping Automobile Dependence Worldwide and the Global Implications of these Trends Kenya

Subject Areas : Urban Design

Adeyemo  Ajibade ¹ (Principal Lecturer, Department of Architectural Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria.)
Dayomi  Mathew ² (Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of the Built Environment and Development Studies.)
Tugbobo  Babatunde ³ (Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of the Built Environment and Development Studies, College of Humanities, the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) South Africa.)

Received: 2014-07-25 Accepted : 2015-02-03 Published : 2015-12-01

Keywords: Trends, Automobile Dependence, Worldwide, And Global Implications,

Abstract :

Walking being the oldest form of urban transport, and until the advent of major transformationsin transport technology in the nineteenth century, most cities were structured in ways that supported walkability.Today, there is a change in transportation which emphasizes, the traditional pedestrian paths which are increasinglybecoming non-regulated spaces when compared to the urban spaces for automobile modes. This change in emphasisis noticeable partly because urban walkability has rarely been planned for in the past few decades and ultimately mayreplace our automobile dependency. It has brought enormous changes to urban landscape in recent times particularlyin the developed world. Automobile dependency comes in different ways, forms and degrees. For instance, thereare few cities worldwide that are absolutely automobile dependent (where driving is the only form of transport).Even areas that appear to be highly automobile dependent often have a noteworthy amount of walking, cycling andtransit travel among certain groups or in certain areas, although use of these modes tends to be undercounted byconventional transportation planning. Contemporarily, reducing car dependency has been discussed broadly in thescientific community by professionals in the built environment and of course by the general public. With increasingvehicular streets worldwide, it raises a swirl of questions, how did we get to this point of automobile dependency andare the alternatives more desirable? In answering this question, this paper identified and discussed extensively thirteenmajor distinct trends that are responsible for the automobile dependencies in most cities of the world.

References:

Acharya, P. (2010). Car dependency in sydney: A Case Study of Fairfield City Council. Australia: The University of Sydney.

Adam, D. (2011). African Cities are Walking Cities, but are they Walkable? ,August 21, 2014,Retrieved from,(http://walkonomics.com/blog/2011/09/african-cities-are-walking-cities-but-are-they-walkable/).

Allan, J., & Donald, A. (2009). The Urban Design reader, (L. Michael & M. Elizabeth Eds.). London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis group.

Amphlett, K. (2011). Car Dependence in Australian Cities: a Discussion of Causes, Environmental Impact and Possible Solutions. GEOView: Online Undergraduate Review of Geography and Environmental Studies.

Barnett, (2014). on life take place on foot, Retrieved from, January 12^th, preface.com/pdf/Life_on_Foot_Planning.pdf.

Ben-Joseph, E. (1995). Residential street standards and neighborhood traffic control: a survey of cities' practices and public officials' attitudes. University of California at Berkeley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development.

Bloomberg, R., Jordan, G., Killingsworth, R., & Konheim, C. (2000). Pedestrian transportation: A look forward. Transportation in the New Millennium.

Breines, S., & Dean, W. (1974). The Pedestrian Revolution: Streets without Cars. New York: Vintage Books.

Choi, E. (2012). Walkability as an Urban Design Problem: Understanding the activity of walking in the urban environment.

Commission, E. (2000). Reclaiming city streets for people Chaos or quality of life?. Routledge.

Damian, K. E., & Barbara, B. (2000). Community Planning : Introduction to the comprehensive Plan. USA: Island Press.

De Cambra, P. J. M. (2012). Pedestrian Accessibility and Attractiveness Indicators for Walkability Assessment (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis for the Master Degree (MSc) in Urban Studies and Territorial Management).

Dobesova, Z., & Krivka, T. (2012). Walkability index in the urban planning: a case study in olomouc city. INTECH Open Access Publisher.

Ewing, R. (1999). Pedestrian  and transit-friendly design: A Primer for Smart Growth. In F. D. o. Transportation (Ed.), American Planning Association.

Francois-Joseph, V. A., & Ralf, B. (2014). The future of Urban Mobility 2.0. The Chartered Institute  of logistics and Transport Focus, 16(4), 24-31.

Gota, S., Fabian, H. G., Mejia, A., & Punte, S. (2010). Walkability Surveys in Asian Cities. Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia).

Jean-Paul, R., Claude, C., & Brian, S. (2009). Transportation Modes: An Overview The Geography of Transport System. USA.

Joseph, R. (2002). The Seduction of place; The History and future of the city. USA: Vintage.

Kellese, A., Michael, B., & Dean, M. (1996). creating more livable communities, A Handbook of Land Use and Transportation Design Strategies. In D. T. Bunda (Ed.), Waiphau, Hawaii.

Krambeck, H. V. (1999). The global walkability index. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Litman, T. (2003). Valuing Non-motorized Transport. Paper presented at the Pro Walk/Pro Bike Conference connecting Cycling, Canberra. Retrieved from, http://www.travelsmart.gov.au/resources/pubs/toddlitman.pdf.

Litman, T. (2012). the Costs of Automobile Dependency and the Benefits of Balanced Transportation. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.

Litman, T., & Laube, F. (2002). Automobile Dependency and Economic Development. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Institute for Science and Technology Policy.

Lynch, K. (2011a). Dimension of performance In M. Larice & E. MacDonald (Eds.), The urban design reader (Vol. 1, pp. 109-114).

Lynch, K. (2011b). The image of the environment and the city image and its elements Vol. 1. M. Larice & M. Elizabeth (Eds.), Dimension of place making (pp. 153-155). 

Mills, K. (2013) Healthy, Oil free Transportation. London: Island Press.

Morris, A. E. J. (1979). History of Urban form before the industrial Revolutions (2nd ed.). London: George Godwin Limited.

Newman, P., & Kenworthy, J. (1989). Cities and automobile dependence: An international sourcebook.

Newman, P., & Kenworthy, J. (2000). Sustainable urban form: The big picture. Achieving sustainable urban form, 109-120.

Newman, P., & Kenworthy, J. (2006). Urban design to reduce automobile dependence. Opolis, 2(1)., 35-52.

Ng, S., Lau, W., Brown, F., Tam, E., Lao, M., & Booth, V. (2012). Walkable city, living streets.   Retrieved April 29, 2014

O’Hare, D. (2006). Urban Walkability in the Subtropical City:  Some intemperate considerations from SEQ.

OICA,(2014).Retrieved from, http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/1998-statistics/.

Ozbil, A. N. (2010). Walking to the station: the effects of street connectivity on walkability and access to transit. (2014 PhD Thesis), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/42789/Ozbil_Ayse_N_201012_phd.pdf.pdf?sequence=1 

Peter, N., & Jeff, K. (2000a). The Ten Myths of Automobile Dependence.

Peter, N., & Jeff, K. (2000b). The Ten Myths of Automobile Dependence.

Peter, N., & Jeffery , K. (1989 ). Cities and Auto Dependency: A Sourcebook.

Pucher, J., Peng, Z. R., Mittal, N., Zhu, Y., & Korattyswaroopam, N. (2007). Urban transport trends and policies in China and India: impacts of rapid economic growth. Transport reviews, 27(4), 379-410.

Sanyal, S. (2013). The Walkable City. Paper presented at the Centre for Liveable Cities Lecture Series, MND Auditorium, Singapore.

Shiuen, N., & Schipper, L. (2005). China motorization trends: policy options in a world of transport challenges.

Smith, P. L., Bruun, E. c., & Kenworthy, J. R. (2010). Introduction to sustainable Transportation. London: Earthscan.

Sperling, D., & Salon, D. (2002). Transportation in developing countries: An overview of greenhouse gas reduction strategies. University of California Transportation Center.

Sustainability, I.-L. G. f. (2010). Cities in post 2010 climate policy framework. Bonn: ICLEI.

Taiyab, N. (2008). Transportation in Mega Cities A local issue, a global question. 1-8.Retrieved fom, www.bu.edu/pardee.

TCRP. (1997). The role of transit in creating Livable Metropolitan Communities. New York: National academy press.

TFL. (2005). Improving walkability Good practice guidance on improving pedestrian conditions as part of development opportunitie. Retrieved from http://www.eltis.org/docs/studies/Improving-walkability0.pdf.

UNDESA. (2011 ). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. New York.

UN-Habitat, N. H. S. P. (2014a). The State of African cities Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions.

UN-Habitat, N. H. S. P. (2014b). The State of African cities Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision.

Wagga Development Control Plan. (2005). CBD Pedestrain Movement Access Strategy  Wagga .Wagga Development Control Plan.

Beacon Technology. (2013). Improving Walkability within Existing Urban Design Building Community Vitality with Rectangular Rapid Flashing. Beacon Technology.

WHO. (2013). Pedestrian safety A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. In E. Krug, D. Ward, P. Venter & J. L. Irigoyen (Eds.). Switzerland: WHO.