AMELX and AMELY Structure and Application for Sex Determination of Iranian Maral deer (Cervus elaphus maral)
Subject Areas : Camelط. فرهوش 1 , ر. واعظ ترشیزی 2 , ع.ا. مسعودی 3 , ح.ر. رضایی 4 , م. تولایی 5
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Recourses, Gorgan, Iran
5 - Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: amelogenin, <i>Cervus elaphus maral</i>, sex determination, wilderness,
Abstract :
In order to have a good perspective of wild animals, it is necessary to determine their population and genetic structure. It provides an opportunity to decide on better conservationmanagements. Inthe wilderness, due to the escapable nature and sometimes not havingthe distinguishable bisexual appearance, sex identification could be difficult by observing animals. The X- and Y- chromosome linked amelogenin (AMELX and AMELY) due to its independent and different evolution on both chromosomes could play an important role in sex determining of wild animals. To determine the sex ratio and alsothe genetic structureof AMELX and AMELY in Maral deer (Cervus elaphus maral), 37 sampleswere collected from populations were located in north parts of Iran. Results showed that in female deer, the amelogenin gene had one banding patterns (231bp, for X chromosome) and the male deer had two banding pattern (231 bp and 180 bp for X and Y chromosomes, respectively). The AMELY of Maral had in/del mutation (54 bp). The genetic distance (D) of AMELX from Maral deer and Red deer was 0.12 ± 0.02, it was calculated zero for AMELY. The phylogenetic analysis of AMELX and AMELY of different deer species, showed no distance for AMELY and the D was 0.048 ± 0.009 for AMELX. It is recommended that sex determination of wild animals, especially mammalian populations using amelogenin gene would be a useful and simple method which could provide further information for genetic conservation strategies.
Babo O., Takahashi N., Terashima T., Li W., Denbesten P.K. and Takano Y. (2002). Expression of alternatively spliced RNA transcripts of amelogenin gene exons 8 and 9 and its end products in the rat incisor. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 50, 1229- 1236.
Barbosa A.M., Fernandez-Garcia J.L. and Carranza J. (2009). A new marker for rapid sex identification of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Hystrix It. J. Mamm. 20(2), 169-172.
Carranza J., Pérez-González J., Mateos C. and Fernández-García J.L. (2009). Parents’ genetic dissimilarity and offspring sex in a polygynous mammal. Mol. Ecol. 18, 4964-4973.
Ennis S. and Gallagher T.F. (1994). A PCR based sex-determination assay in cattle based on the bovine amelogenin locus. Anim. Genet. 25, 425-427.
Gurgul A., Radko A. and Slota E. (2010). Characteristics of X- and Y- chromosome specific regions if the amelogenin gene and a PCR-based method for sex identification in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Mol. Biol. Rep. 37, 2915-2918.
Matsubara K., Ishibashi Y., Ohdachi S. and Matsuda Y. (2001). A new primer set for sex identification in the genus Sorex (Soricidae, Insectivora). Mol. Ecol. Notes. 1, 241-242.
Nichols R.V. and Spong G. (2014). An eDNA-based SNP assay for ungulate species and sex identification. Ph D. Thesis. SwedishUniv., Skogsmarksgrand.
Pajares G., AlvarezI., FernandezI., Perez-Paravol L., Goyache F. and Royo L.I. (2007). A sexing protocol for wild ruminants based on PCR amplification of amelogenin gene AMELX and AMELY. Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf. 50(5), 442-446.
PfeifferI. and Brenig B. (2005). X- and Y- chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus). BMC Genet. 6, 16.
Pilgrim K.L., Mckelvey K.S., Riddle A.E. and Schwartz M.K. (2005). Felid sex identification based on noninvasive genetic samples. Mol. Ecol. Notes. 5, 60-61.
Prusak B. and Grzybowski G. (2008). Amelogenin X Gene sequence in the Polish Red Cattle Population Kept. Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding Publication, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland.
Royo L.J., Pajares G., AlvarezI., FernandezI. and Goyache F. (2007). Genetic viability and differentiation in the Spanish roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) characterized via mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers: a phylogeographic reassessment in the European framework. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 42, 747-761.
Shaw C.N., Wilson P.J. and White B.N. (2003). A reliable molecular method of gender determination for mammals. J. Mammal. 84, 123-128.
Sullivan K.M., Mannucci A., Kimpton C.P. and Gill P. (1993). A rapid and quantitative DNA sex test: fluorescence-based PCR analysis of X-Y homologous gene amelogenin. Biotech. 15, 636- 641.
Takahashi M., Masuda R., Uno H., Yokoyama M., Suzuki M., Yoshida M.C. and Ohtaishi N. (1998). Sexing of carcass remains of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) using PCR amplification of the SRY gene. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60, 713-716.
Tamura K., Stecher G., Peterson D., Filipski A. and Kumar S. (2013). MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis. Mol. Bio. Evol. 30, 2725-2729.
Yamauchi K., Hamasaki S., Miyazaki K. and Kikusui T. (2000). Sex determination based on fecal DNA analysis of the amelogenin gene in sika deer (Cervus nippon). J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 669-671.
Yamazaki S., Motoi Y., Nagai K., Ishinazaki T., Asani M. and Suzuki M. (2011). Sex determination of Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) using nested PCR from feces collected in the field. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 73(12), 1611-1616.