Response of Broiler Chickens to Quantitative Feed Restriction with or without Ascorbic Acid Supplementation
Subject Areas : Camel
اُ.آ. آدیمی
1
,
سی.پی. نجوکو
2
,
اُ.م. اُدونباکو
3
,
اُ.م. سگونل
4
,
ال.تی. اگبیال
5
1 - Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
2 - Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
3 - Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
4 - Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
5 - Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Keywords: Broiler, Ascorbic acid, haematological, restriction, supplementation,
Abstract :
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation has been documented as a useful tool to improve the performance of laying birds reared under harsh environmental conditions. However, there is limited information on the use of ascorbic acid as a means of ameliorating the stressful conditions imposed by feed restriction. To this effect a 3 × 2 factorial experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid inclusion in the diet of broiler chickens under quantitative feed restriction. A total of 96 unsexed 22 days-old Marshall broiler chickens of a commercial strain were distributed to six treatments, birds on treatments 1 and 2 were fed ad libitum, and those in treatments 3 and 4 were placed on 85% ad libitum while those on treatments 5 and 6 were offered 70% ad libitum. Diets fed to birds on treatments 1, 3 and 5 were formulated without ascorbic acid while those on treatments 2, 4 and 6 had their diets supplemented with 200 mgkg-1 ascorbic acid. Blood samples were collected from one bird per replicate for haematological and serum biochemistry on the 35th and 49th days of the study. Performance indices (feed intake, weight gain and intake:gain ratio) were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by quantitative feed restriction. Feed intake (3256.93, 2799.74 and 2360.05 g/bird) and weight gain (1134.70, 1023.88 and 968.86 g/bird) had highest values recorded for the birds fed ad libitum while those on 70% ad libitum feeding recorded the best intake: gain ratio (2.87, 2.74 and 2.44). Ascorbic acid supplementation significantly (P<0.05) affected the growth performance of broilers. Birds fed diets containing ascorbic acid had relatively high values in the growth performance indices considered. Quantitative feed restriction and ascorbic acid supplementation did not affect the haematological and serum biochemical parameters studied. It can be concluded that quantitative feed restriction and ascorbic acid supplementation influenced the growth performance of broilers.
Adekola A.Y., Kaankuka F.G., Ikyume T.T. and Yaakugh I.D.I. (2010). Ascorbic acid effect on erythrocyte osmotic fragility, haematological parameters and performance of weaned rabbits at the end of rainy season in Makurdi, Nigeria. J. Anim. Sci. 9(1),1077-1085.
Al-Murrani W.K., Al-Sam H.Z. and Al-Athari A.M. (1997). Heterophil / lymphocyte ratio as a selection criterion for heat resistance in domestic fowl. Br. Poult. Sci. 38, 159-163.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Baker F.J. and Silverton R.E. (1985). Introduction to medical laboratory technology. Butterworths London.
Bashir I.N., Munir M.A., Saeed R.A. and Raza A. (1998). Immunomodulatory effects of water soluble vitamins on heat stressed broiler chickens. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 15, 11-12.
Beer M.D. and Coon C.N. (2007). Reproductive performance, efficiency, frame size and uniformity in broiler breeder hens. Poult. Sci. 86 (9), 1927-1939.
Benyi K., Acheampong-Boateng O., Norris D. and Ligaraba T.J. (2010). Response of Ross 308 and Hubbard broiler chickens to feed removal for different durations during the day. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42, 1421-1426.
Benyi K., Acheompong-Boateng O. and Norris D. (2011). Effect of strain and different skip-a-day feed restriction on growth performance of broiler chickens. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 43, 871-876.
Boostani A., Ashayerizadeh A., Mahmoodian Fard H.R. and Kamalzadeh A. (2010). Comparison of the effects of several feed restriction periods to control ascites on performance, carcass characteristics and hematological indices of broiler chickens. Br. J. Poult. Sci. 12(3), 171-177.
Bratte L. (2011). Influence of early skip-a-day feed withdrawal on the haematological indices, serum protein and nutrient digestibility of broilers. Pakistan J. Nutr. 10, 831-835.
Canadan F. and Gultekin F. (2002). Effect of vitamin C and zinc on fragility and lipid peroxidation in zinc deficient haemodialysis patient. Cell Biochem. Func. 20, 95-98.
Cravener T.L., Roush W.B. and Mashaly M.M. (1992). Broiler production under varying population densities. Poult. Sci. 71, 427-433.
Edrise B.M., Khair-El-din A.W. and Soliman R. (1986). The immunopotentiating effect of ascorbic acid against Newcastle disease in chicken. Vet. Med. J. 34(2), 251-264.
Fanooci M. and Torki M. (2010). Effects of qualitative dietary restriction on performance, carcass characteristics,white blood cell count and humoral immune response of broiler chicks. Global Vet. 4(3), 277-282.
Fontana E.A., Weaver W.D., Watkins B.A. and Denbow D.M. (1992). Effect of early feed restriction on growth, feed conversion, and mortality in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 71,1296-1305.
Gonzales E., Buyse J., Loddi M.M., Takita T.S., Busy N. and Decupere E. (1998). Performance, incidence of metabolic disturbances and endocrine variables of feed restricted male broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 39, 671-678.
Google Earth. (2013). http://www.google.earth.
Gross W.B. and Siegel H.S. (1983). Evaluation of the heterophil / lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Diseas. 27, 972-979.
Hassanien H.H.M. (2011). Productive performance of broiler chickens as affected by feed restriction systems. Asian J. Poult. Sci. 5(1), 21-27.
Hocking P.M., Maxwell M.H. and Mitchell M.A. (1993). Welfare of broiler breeder and layer females subjected to food and water control during rearing. Br. Poult. Sci. 34,443-458.
Hocking P.M., Maxwell M.H. and Mitchell M.A. (1996). Relationships between the degree of food restriction and welfare indices in broiler breeder females. Br. Poult. Sci. 37, 263-278.
Iheukwumene F.C. and Herbert U. (2003). Physiological responses of broiler chickens to quantitative water restrictions: haematology and serum biochemistry. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2(2),117-119.
Islam M.S., Lucky N.S., Islam M.R., Ahad A., Das B.R., Rahman M.M. and Siddiui M.S.I. (2004). Haematology parameters of Fayumi, Assil and local chikens reared in Sylhet region in Bangladesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3,144-147.
Iyayi E.A. and Tewe O.O. (1998). Serum total protein, urea, creatinine levels as indices of cassava diet for pigs. Trop. Vet. 8,11-15.
Jain N.C. (1993). Essential of Veterinary Hematology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
Jalal A.R.M and Zakaria H.A. (2012). The effect of quantitative feed restriction during the starter period on compensatory growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Pakistan J. Nutr. 11(9), 719-724.
Jones R.B. (1989). Chronic stressors, tonic immobility and leucocytic responses in the domestic fowl. Physiol. Behav. 46,439-442.
Julian R.J. (1997). Causes and prevention of ascites in broilers. Zootech. Int. 4, 52-53.
Kessler A.M., Snizek Jr. P.N. and Brugalli I. (2000). Manipulacao da quantidade de gorduranacarcaca de frangos. Pp. 107-133 in Proc. Anais da Conf. APINCO de Ciencia e Tecnol. Avicolas. APINCO, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Khetani T.L., Nkukwana T.T., Chimonyo M. and Muchenje V. (2009). Effect of feed restriction on broiler performance. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 379-384.
Khan S.H. and Sardar R. (2005). Effect of vitamin C supplementation on the performance of desi, fayoumi and commercial white leghorn chicken exposed to heat stress. Pakistan Vet. J. 25(4), 163-166.
Lanhui L., Zhao G., Ren Z., Duan L., Zheng H., Wang J. and He Y. (2011). Effects of early feed restriction programs on production performance and hormone level in plasma of broiler chickens. Front. Agric. China. 5, 94-101.
Lee K.H. and Leeson S. (2001). Performance of broilers fed limited quantities of feed or nutrients during seven to fourteen days of age. Poult. Sci. 80,446-454.
Makinde O.A. (2012). Influence of timing and duration of feed restriction on growth and economic performance offinisher broiler chickens. African J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 12(7), 6976-6986.
Maxwell M.H., Robertson G.W., Spence S. and McCorquodale H. (1990). Comparison of haematological values in restricted- and ad libitum fed domestic fowls: white blood cells and thrombocytes. Br.Poult. Sci. 31, 399-405.
Maxwell M.H., Hocking P.M. and Robertson G.W. (1992). Differential leucocyte responses to various degrees of feed restriction in broilers, turkeys and ducks. Br. Poult. Sci. 33, 177-187.
McDonald O., Edwards R.A. and Greenhalph J.F.D. (1988). Animal Nutrition. Aberdean University USA. New York.
McDonald P., Edwards R.A. and Greenholgh J.F.D. (1992). Animal Nutrition. Longman Scientific and Tech., New York, USA.
McMurty J.P., Rosebrough R.W., Plavnik I. and Cartwright A.I. (1988). Influence of early plane of nutrition on enzyme systems and subsequent tissue deposition. Pp. 329-341 in Biomechanisms Regulating Growth and Development. G.L. Steffens and T.S. Rumsey, Eds. Klumer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Mehmet A.V., Mugdat C.I., Yertu R.K. and Oktag K. (2004). Effect of ascorbic acid on the performance and some blood parameters of Japanese quails reared under hot climate conditions. Turkey J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2005, 829-833.
Mehmood S., Hassan S., Ahmad F., Ashraf M., Alam M. and Muzaffar A. (2005). Influence of feed withdrawal on the performance of broilers in summers. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 7(6),975-978.
Mehmood S., Ahmad F., Masood A. and Kausar R. (2007). Effects of feed restriction during starter phase on subsequent growth performance, dressing percentage, relative organ Weights and immune response of broilers. Pakistan Vet. J. 27(3), 137-141.
Mehmood S., Akram M., Sahota A.W., Javed K., Hussain J. and Jatoi A.S. (2012). Growth performance, immune response and economics of broiler chicken reared at different feed restriction programs. Pp. 280 in Natio. Sci. Conf. Agric. Food Secur. Iss. Global Environ. Perspec. Univ. Poonch, Rawalakot.
Mench J.A. (2002). Broiler breeders: feed restriction and welfare. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 58, 23-29.
Mitruka B.M. and Rawnsley H.M. (1977). Clinical Biochemical and Haematology Reference Values in Normal and Experimental Animals. Masson Publishing USA, Inc.
Nagra S.S., Sodhi S., Yashpal-Singh S. and Diwedi P.N. (2005). Effect of vitamin C supplementation on performance of broiler chicks during heat stress. Pp. 181-182 in Proc. 23th Ann. Conf. Indian Poult. Sci. Assoc. IPSACO.
Njoku P.C. (1986). Effect of dietary ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 16, 17-18.
Njoku P.C. and Nwazota A.O.U. (1989). Effect of dietary inclusion of ascorbic acid and palm oil on the performance of laying hens in hot tropical environment. Br. Poult. Sci. 30, 833-843.
Njoku C.P., Aina A.B.J., Sogunle O.M., Adeyemi O.A. and Oduguwa O.O. (2012). Influence of feed quantity offered on growth performance, carcass yield, organ weight and back fat composition of finishing pigs. Nigerian J. Anim. Prod. 39(2), 96-106.
Onbasilar E.E., Yalcin S., Torlak E. and Ozdemir P. (2009). Effects of early feed restriction on live performance, carcass characteristics, meat and liver composition, some blood parameters, heterophil lymphocyte ratio, antibody production and tonic immobility duration. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 1513-1519.
Pardue S.L., Thaxton J.B. and Brake J. (1985). Influence of supplemental ascorbic acid on broiler performance following exposure to high environmental temperature. Poult. Sci. 64, 1334-1338.
Plavnik I. and Hurwitz S. (1988). Early feed restriction chicks: Effect of age, duration and sex. Poult. Sci. 67, 384-390.
Robinson F.E., Classen H.L. and Onderka D.K. (1999). Growth performance, feed efficiency and the incidence of skeletal and metabolic disease in full-fed and feedrestricted broiler and roaster chickens. J. Appl. Poult. Restric. 1, 33-41.
SASInstitute. (2000). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 8. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Saber S.N., Maheri-Sis N., Shaddel-Telli A., Hatefinezhad K., Gorbani A. and Yousefi J. (2011). Effect of feed restriction on growth performance of broiler chickens. Ann. Biol. Res. 2(6), 247-252.
Sahraei M. (2013). Improvement production efficiency and carcass quality through feed restriction programs in broiler chickens. Biotechnol. Anim. Husband. 29(2), 193-210.
Tolkamp B.J., Sandilands V. and Kyriazakis I. (2005). Effects of qualitative feed restriction during rearing on the performance of broiler breeders during rearing and lay. Poult. Sci. 84(8),1286-1293.
Tuleun C.D. and Njoku P.C. (2000). Effect of supplemental ascorbic acid and disturbance stress on the performance of broiler chickens. Nigerian J. Anim. Prod. 27, 55-58.
Tumov E., Skrivan M., Skrivanova V. and Kacerovska L. (2002). Effect of early feed restriction on growth in broiler chickens, turkeys and rabbits. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 47(10), 418-428.
Vathana S., Kang K., Loan C.P., Thinggaard G., Kabasa J.D. and Meulen U. (2002). Effect of vitamin C supplementation on performance of broiler chicken in Cambodia. Pp. 9-11 in Proc. Conf. Int. Agric. Res. Develop. Deutscher Tropentag.
Yu M.U., Robinson F.E., Clandinin M.T. and Bodnar L. (1990). Growth and body composition of broiler chickens in response to different regimens of feed restriction. Poult. Sci. 69, 2074-2081.
Yu M.W. and Robinson F.E. (1992). The application of short term feed restriction to broiler chicken production: a review. J. Appl. Poult. Restric. 1, 147-153.
Zubair A.K. and Leeson S. (1996). Compensatory growth in the broiler chicken: a review. Worlds Poult. Sci. 52, 189-201.
Zuldhof M.J., Robinson F.E., Feddes J.J.R., Hardin R.T., Wilson J.L., Mckay R.I. and Newcombe M.T. (1995). The effects of nutrient dilution on the well being and performance of female broiler breeders. Poult. Sci. 74, 441-454.