Amino Acid Digestibility and Energy Value of Bitter Vetch (a Cheap Plant Protein) and Effects of Feeding this Plant Protein on Production and Egg Quality Parameters of Leghorn and Native Layer Strain

Subject Areas : Camel

A.A. Saki ¹ , M.A. Edris ² , A. Janjan ³ , H. Mahmoudi ⁴ , A. Hoseini Siyar ⁵

1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
5 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

Received: 2014-05-25 Accepted : 2014-08-14 Published : 2015-03-01

Keywords: Performance, amino acid digestibility, bitter vetch, laying hen, metabolisable energy,

Abstract :

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of bitter vetch. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the metabolisable energy content of bitter vetch. Sixteen adult Leghorn roosters were used. Forty grams of bitter vetch were precision-fed individually to 12 roosters. In addition, 4 birds were not fed and served as a control treatment in the measurement of metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy output. Experiment 2 was a broiler chick bioassay carried out with 24 male boiler chickens (21-d-old) to determine apparent amino acid digestibilities of bitter vetch. Experiment 3 was conducted to evaluate the effect of bitter vetch on performance and egg quality of two strains of laying hens. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and diets containing 50, 100 and 150 g kg-1 bitter vetch were fed to the Leghorn layers, ISA-Babcock strain, and the native strain. All eggs produced during the last 3 d of each month were collected to evaluate egg quality. True metabolisable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) values of bitter vetch were 3396 and 3852 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Second experiment showed that the average amino aciddigestibility of bitter vetch (12 amino acids) was 66.65%. Feed intake, egg weight, egg production, and egg mass, were higher and feed conversion ratio was lower in the Leghorn than the native strain. Feed intake and egg production were lower and feed conversion ratio was higher by all bitter vetch diets compared with the control diet. Haugh unit and yolk color were lower (P<0.001) in the Leghorn than the native strain and vice versa in egg shell weight (P<0.001). Eggshell thickness and shape index were not affected by strain (P>0.05). It was concluded that 5% of bitter vetch can be used in laying hen diets without any adverse effect.

References:

Abdullah Y., Muwalla M.M., Qudsieh R.I. and Titi H.H. (2010). Effect of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds as a replacement protein source of soybean meal on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing Awassi lambs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42, 293-300.
Alipour Filabadi R., Pourreza J. and Zamani F. (2014). A comparison of the nutritional value of raw and soaked bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seed using in vivo and in vitro methods. Sch. J. Agric. Sci. 4, 70-73.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Austic R.E. (1986). Biochemical description of nutritional effects. Pp. 59-77 in Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research. C. Fisher and K.N. Boorman, Eds. Butterworths, London.
Bakoglu A., Bagci E. and Ciftci H. (2009). Fatty acids, protein contents and metal composition of some feed crops from Turkey. J. Food Agric. Environ. 7, 343-346.
Bell J.M. (1993). Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: a review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 679-697.
Chung R.A. and Stadelman W.J. (1965). A study of variation in the structure of the hen egg. Br. Poult. Sci. 6, 277-282.
D’mello J.P.F., Walker A.G. and Noble E. (1990). Effect of dietary supplements on the nutritive value of jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) for the young chick. Br. Poult. Sci. 31, 759-768.
Ergun A., Yalchin S., Coplan I., Yildiz S. and Onol A.G. (1993). Utilization of wild vetch seeds (Vicia ervilia) by laying hen. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 63, 407.
Farran M.T., Uwayjan M.G., Miski A.M.A., Sleiman F.T., Adada F.A. and Ashkarian V.M. (1995). Effect of feeding raw and treated common vetch seed (Vicia sativa) on the performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 74, 1630-1635.
Farran M.T., Barbour G.W., Uwayjan M.G. and Ashkarian V.M. (2001a). Metabolizable energy values and amino acid availability of Vetch (Vicia sativa) and Ervil (Vicia ervilia) seeds soaked in water and acetic acid. Poult. Sci. 80, 931-936.
Farran M.T., Dakessian P.B., Darwish A.H., Uwayjan M.G., Dbouk H.K., Sleiman F.T. and Ashkarian V.M. (2001b). Performance of broilers and production and egg quality parameters of laying hens fed 60% raw and treated common vetch (Vicia ervilia ) grains. Poult. Sci. 80, 203-208.
Farran M.T., Halaby W.S., Barbour G.W., Uwayjan M.G., Sleiman F.T. and Ashkarian V.M. (2005). Effects of feeding ervil (Vicia ervilia) seeds soaked in water or acetic acid on performance and internal organ size of broilers and production and egg quality of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 84, 1723-1728.
Fernandez-Figares I., Pereze L., Nielo R., Agulera J.F. and Prieto C. (1993). The effect of dietary protein quality on free amino acid in plasma, muscle and liver of growing chicken. Anim. Prod. 57, 309-318.
Fenton T.W. and Fenton M. (1979). An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and faces. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 59, 631-634.
ICARDA. (2004). International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas. Aleppo, Syria.
Marzo F., Alonso R., Urdaneta E., Arricibita F.J. and Ibanez F. (2002). Nutritional quality of extruded kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its effects on growth and skeletal muscle nitrogen fractions in rats. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 875-879.
Michelangeli C. and Vargas R.E. (1994). L-canavanine influences feed intake, plasma basic amino acid concentration and kidney arginase activity in chicks. J. Nutr. 124, 1081-1087.
Mikic A., Cupina b., Katic S. and Karagic D. (2006). Importance of annual forage legumes in supplying plant proteins. Period. Sci. Res. Field. Veg. Crop. 42, 91-103.
Mohammadi L. and Sadeghi G. (2009). Using different ratios of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seed for moult induction and post-moult performance in commercial laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 50, 207-212.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9^th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Newkirk R.W.‚ Classen H.L. and Edney M.J. (2003). Effects of prepress-solvent extraction on nutritional value of canola meal for broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 104, 111-119.
Ocio E., Vinaras R., Tervino J. and Brenes A. (1980). Utilization of seeds of Vicia ervilia in the feeding of chickens. 1. Effect of the inclusion of high levels of seed for finishing chickens. Aliment. Mejora. Anim. 21, 467-470.
Prieto C., Aguillera J.F., Lachica M., Fernandez-Figares I., Perza L., Nieto R. and Ferrando G. (1994). The use of plasma free amino acids for predicting the limiting amino acids in diets for chicken. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 47, 151-164
Reisi K., Zamani F., Vatankhah M. and Rahimiyan Y. (2011). Effect of raw and soaked bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds as replacement protein source of cotton seed meal on performance and carcass characteristics of Lori-Bakhtiari fattening ram lambs. Glob. Vet. 7, 405-410.
Rosenthal G. (1977). The biological effects and mode of action of L-canavanine, a structural analogue of L-arginine. Q. Rev. Biol. 52, 155-178.
Sadeghi G.H., Samie A., Pourreza J. and Rahmani H. (2004). Canavanine content and toxicity of raw and treated Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds for broiler chicken. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 8, 522-529.
Sadeghi G.H., Pourreza J., Samie A. and Rahmani H. (2008). Chemical composition and some anti-nutrient content of raw and processed bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seed for use as feeding stuff in poultry diet. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 85-93.
Sadeghi G.H. and Mohammadi L. (2009). Bitter vetch as a single dietary ingredient for molt induction in laying hens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18, 66-73.
Saki A.A., Mahmoudi H., Tabatabaei M.M. and Ahmadi A. (2008). The availability of energy and protein, with respect to uric acid, of yellow-seeded rapeseed meal in broiler diets. Asian-australas J. Anim. Sci. 21, 1624-1628.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Sibbald L.R. (1986). A bioassay for available amino acid and true metabolizable energy in feeding stuffs. Poult. Sci. 55, 303-308.
Siriwan P.‚ Bryden W.L.‚ Mollah Y. and Annison E.F. (1993). Measurement of endogenous amino acid losses in poultry. Br. Poult. Sci. 34, 939-949.
Tabatabaei M.M., Aliarabi H., Nikkhah A. and Miraei-ashtiani S.R. (2000). The chemical analysis of bush and nutritive value of bitter vetch grain by in vivo method. Iranian J. Agric. Sci. 31, 601- 612.
Wiryawan K.G. and Dingle J.G. (1995). Screening tests of the protein quality of grain legumes for poultry production. Br. J. Nutr. 74, 671-679.
Zita L., Tumova E. and Stolc L. (2009). Effects of genotype, age and their intereaction on egg quality in brown-egg laying hens. Acta Vet. Brno. 78, 85-91.