Effects of Varying Levels of Oxidized Fat and Copper Sulfate on Broiler Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Metabolites and Immune Cells

Subject Areas : Camel

A. Nobakht ¹ , A. Sehati ² , H. Aghdam Shahryar ³

1 - Department of Animal Science, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran

Received: 2011-09-04 Accepted : 2011-12-01 Published : 2013-03-01

Keywords: Performance, broiler chicken, carcass traits, oxidized fat,

Abstract :

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of oxidized fat (yellow grease) and copper sulfate on performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites and immune cells of broilers. This study was carried out as a 3 × 2 factorial experiment with 3 levels of oxidized fat (0, 2 and 4%) and 2 levels of copper sulfate (0 and 300 mg/kg) in 6 treatments, 3 replicates and 12 birds in each replicate. In this experiment, 216 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) were used for 42 days. The results showed that there were significant difference between groups in performance, blood metabolites and immunity parameters (P<0.05). The highest amounts of daily feed intake (43.51 g) and the best feed conversion (1.88) were resulted by inclusion 2% of oxidized fat in broiler diets, whereas in these respects they were not significant difference between control group and group with 4% of oxidized fat. The lowest level of triglyceride (34.34 mg/dL) and highest percent of lymphocyte (88.58%)were obtained by the addition of 4% oxidized fat into the broiler diets. The overall results showed that inclusion of 4% oxidized fat into broiler diets compare with the control group do not have desirable effects on their performance and improve the blood metabolites and immunity parameters.

References:

Anju M.I., Mirza I.H., Khan A.G. and Azim A. (2004). Effect of fresh versus oxidized soybean oil on growth performance, organ weights and meat quality of broiler chicksPakistan. Vet. J. 24, 173-178.
Asghar A., Lin C.F., Gray J.I., Buckly D.J., Booten A.M. and Flagal C.J. (1989). Influenceof oxidized dietary oil and antioxidant supplementation on membrane bound lipid stabilityin broilersmeat. British. Poult. Sci. 30, 815-823.
Bakalli R.I., Pesti G.M., Ragland W.L. and Konjufca V. (1995). Dietary copper in excess of nutritional requirement reduces plasma and breast muscle cholesterol of chickens. Poult.Sci. 74, 360-365.
Baker D.H., Odle J., Funk M.A. and Wieland T.M. (1991). Bioavailability of copper in cupric oxide, cuprous, and in a copper-lysine complex. Poult. Sci. 70, 177-181.
Bartov I. and Bornstein S. (1972). Comparision of BHT and ethoxyquin as antioxidants in thenutrition of broilers. Poult. Sci. 51, 859-868.
Cabel M.C. and Waldroup P.W. (1988). Effect of ethoxquin preservative and peroxide level onbroiler performance. Poult. Sci. 67, 1725-1730.
Chae B.J., Lee K.H. and Lee S.K. (2002). Effects of feeding rancid rice bran on growthperformance and chicken meat quality in broiler chicks. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 15, 266-273.
Cheeke P.R. (1991). Applied Animal Nutrition: Feeds and Feeding. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, USA.
Cherian G., Wolfe F.W. and Sim J.S. (1996). Dietary oils with added tocopherols: Effects on egg or tissue tocopherols, fatty acids, and oxidative stability. Poult. Sci. 75, 423-431.
Chiou P.W.S., Chen C.L. and Wu C.P. (1999). Effects of high dietary copper on the morphology of gastro-intestinal tract in broiler chickens. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 12, 548-53.
Chowdhury S.D., Paik I.K., Namkung H. and Lim H.S. (2004). Responses of broiler chickens to organic copper fed in the form of copper-methionine chelate. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 115, 281-293.
Cromwell G.L., Stahly T.S. and Mongue H.J. (1989). Effect of source and level of copperon performance and liver copper, stores in weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 67, 2996-3002.
Diaz R.P.G. (1977). Effect of including rancid fats in rations for meat chickens. Nutr. Abst.Rev. 49, 2385-2390.
Dibner J.J., Atwee C.A., Kitchell M.L., Shermer W.D. and Ivey F.J. (1996). Feeding ofoxidized fats to broiler and swine: Effets on enterocyte turnover, hepatocyte proliferationand the gutassociated lymphoid tissue. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 62, 1-13.
Engberg R.M., Lauridsen C., Jensen S.K. and Jakobson K. (1996). Inclusion of oxidized vegitable oil in broiler diets. Its influence on nutrient balance and on the antioxidant status of broiler. Poult. Sci. 75, 1003-1011.
Godber J.S., Martin D., Shin T.S., Setlhakq G., Tricon C. and Gervais M. (1993). Quality parameters important in rice bran for human consumption. Louisiana Agric. 36, 9-14.
Hussein A. and Kratzer F.H. (1982). Effect of rancidity on the feeding value of rice bran for chickens. Poult. Sci. 61, 2450-2455.
Izaki Y., Yoshikawa S. and Uchiyama M. (1984). Effect of ingestion of thermally oxidized frying oil on per oxidative criteria in rats. Lipids. 19, 324-331.
Jakobsen K., Engberg R.M. and Hartfiel W. (1993). The biological activity of natural source oftocopherols in chickens fed fresh or oxidized fat rich in linoleic acid. Archiv. Anim. Nutr. 44, 339-355.
Klasing K.C. (1998). Minerals. Comparative Avian Nutrition. CABInternational. New York, USA.
Konjufva V.H., Pesti G.M. and Bakalli R.L. (1997). Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poult. Sci. 76, 1264-1271.
L’Estrange J.L., Carpenter K.J., Lea C.H. and Parr L.J. (1966). Nutritional effects ofoxidized fats inanimal diets. 2. Beef fat in diet of broiler chicken. British J. Nutr. 20, 113-122.
Lewis D. and Wiseman J. (1977). The use of added fats in rations for growing pigs. Pp. 101-110 in Proc. Int. Symp. Anim. Fat. Pig Feed. Dubrovnik. NRA.
Lin C.F., Asghar A., Gray J.I., Buckly D.J., Boome A.M., Crackel R.L. and Flegal C.J. (1989). Effect of oxidized dietary oil and antioxidant supplementation on broiler growth andmeat stability. British Poult. Sci. 30, 855-864.
Miyzawa T. and Knobb T. (1986). Effect of dietary vitamin C and vitamin E on tissue lipid per oxidation of guinea pigs fed with oxidized oil. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50, 71-78.
Mpofu I.D.T., Ndlovu L.R. and Casey N.H. (1999). The copper, cobalt, iron, selenium and zinc status of cattle in the Sanyati and Chinamhora small holder grazing areas of Zimbabwe. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 12, 579-84.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9^th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Paik I.K. (2001). Management of excretion phosphorus, nitrogen and pharmacological level minerals to reduce environmental pollution from animal production. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 14, 384-394.
Paik I.K., Seo S.H., Um J.S., Chang M.B. and Lee B.H. (1999). Effects of supplementarycopper chelate on the performance and cholesterol level in plasma and breast muscle ofbroilerchickens. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 12, 794-798.
Pest G.M., Bakalli R.I., Oiao M. and sterling K.G. (2002). A comparison of eight grades of fat as broiler feed ingredients. Poult. Sci. 81, 382-390.
Pesti E.G. and Bakalli R.I. (1996). Studies on the feeding of cupric sulfate penthahydrateand cupric citrate to broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 75, 1086-1091.
Roof M.D. and Mahan D.C. (1982). Effect of carbadox and various dietary copper level forweanling swine. J. Anim. Sci. 55, 1109-1114.
SAS Institute (2005). SAS Users Guide,Release9.12. Ed. Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Skrivan M.S., Sevcikova E., Tumova V., Skrivanov A. and Marounek M (2002). Effect of copper sulphate supplementation on performance of broiler chickens, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile of meat. Czech. J. Anim. Sci. 47, 275-280.
Takigawa A. and Ohyama Y. (1983). Effect of oxidized oil on development of encephlaomalacia, growth, digestion and organs in chicks. Japanese J. Zool. Sci. 54, 444-450.
Vogt H., Matthes S. and Harnisch S. (1981). Preservatives organic acids in broiler and layingrations. Conf. on Feed Additives,Budapest, Hungary.
Waheed A., Ahmad T., Yousaf A. and Zafer I.J. (2004). Effect of various levels of fat and antioxidants on the quality of broiler rations stored at high temperature for different periods. Pakistan Vet. J. 24, 70-75.
Wang S.Y., Walter B., Philip M., Julia D. and William S. (1997). Effect of santoquin andoxidized fat on liver and intestinal glutathion in broilers. Poult. Sci. 76, 961-967.
Zhang X., Zhang K., Ding X. and Ping Bai S. (2009). Effects of dietary supplementation withcopper sulfate or tribasic copper chloride on carcass characteristics, tissular nutrientsdeposition and oxidation in broilers. Pakistan J. Nutr. 8, 1114-1119.