Performance of Holstein Calves, Heifers and First-Lactating Cows Fed Starter Diets with Different Protein Levels and Types of Soybean Meal
Subject Areas : Camel
م.ر. فروزانمهر
1
,
م. دانش-مسگران
2
*
,
ع.ر. وکیلی
3
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 - گروه علوم دامی-دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد-مشهد-ایران
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Keywords: Protein, growth, Milk, starter diet,
Abstract :
Holstein calves were fed pelleted starter diets with crude protein (CP) concentrations of 18%, 22% and 24% per dry matter (DM) containing soybean meal (SBM) (SBM18, SBM20 and SBM24), respectively, for 10 weeks from 14 days of age. Another diet with a CP concentration of 18% per DM was tested using commercial xylose-soybean meal (XSB; Yasminomax) instead of SBM. Each diet was fed to 24 calves and the feed consumption, nutrient intake, body weight (BW) gain, skeletal growth and selected blood metabolites were determined. Weaned animals were kept under observation for economic characteristics such as post-weaning (days 84 to 196) weight gain, withers height, weight at first heat, number of services per pregnancy and milk yield during first lactation. The average daily starter consumption was highest in calves fed SBM20. The average BW gain and total DM intake were highest in calves fed SBM20. Feed efficiency was highest in calves fed SBM24, but protein efficiency was highest in calves fed SBM20. A decreased blood glucose and increased blood insulin concentrations were observed in calves fed SBM18. Blood urea N and blood glucose were highest in calves fed SBM24. The service rate, age at first parturition and milk yield varied according to diet (p <0.001).
Abdelgadir I.E.O. and Morrill J.L. (1995). Effect of processing sorghum grain on dairy calf performance. J. Dairy Sci. 78, 2040-2046.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
Baldwin R.L., McLeod K.R., Klotz J.L. and Heitmann R.N. (2004). Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and post weaning ruminant. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 55-65.
Bartlett K.S., Mcketith F.K., Vandehaar M.J., Dahl G.E. and Drackley J.K. (2006). Growth and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein at two feeding rates. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 1454-1467.
Bascom S.A., James R.E., Mcgilliad M.L. and Van Amburght M. (2007). Influence of dietary fat and protein on body composition of Jersey bull calves. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 5600-5609.
Beharka A.A., Nagaraja T.G., Morrill J.L., Kennedy G.A. and Klemm R.D. (1998). Effects of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 1946-1955.
Blome R.M., Drackley J.K., Mckeith F.K., Hutjens M.F. and McCoy G.C. (2003). Growth, nutrient utilization, and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 1641-1655.
Broderick G.A. and Clayton M.K. (1997). A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 2964-2971.
Chesworth J.M., Stuchbury T. and Scaife J.R. (1998). An Introduction to Agricultural Biochemistry. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom.
Coverdale J.A., Tyler H.D., Quigley J.D. and Brumm J.A. (2004). Effect of various levels of forage and form of diet on rumen development and growth in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 2554-256.
Danesh Mesgaran M. (2002). Degradability characteristics and intestinal protein apparent digestibility of Iranian soybean and cottonseed meals as assessed by mobile nylon bag technique. Proc. British Soc. Anim. Sci. 2003, 118-145.
Diaz M.E., Van Amburgh M., Smith M., Kelsey J.M. and Hutten E.L. (2001). Composition of growth of Holstein calves fed milk replacer from birth to 105-kilogaram body weigth. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 830-842.
Gelsinger S.L., Heinrichs A.J. and Jones C.M. (2016).Meta-analysis of the effects of pre-weaned calf nutrition and growth on first-lactation performance. J. Dairy Sci. 99, 6206-6214.
Khan M.A., Lee H.J., Lee W.S., Kim H.S., Kim S.B., Ki K.S., Ha J.K., Lee H.J. and Choi Y.J. (2007a). Pre- and post-weaning performance of Holstein female calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 876-885.
Khan M.A., Lee H.J., Lee W.S., Kim H.S., Kim S.B., Ki K.S., Hur Y., Suh G.H., Kang S.J. and Choi Y.J. (2007b). Structural growth rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 3376-3387.
Khan M.A., Iqbal Z., Sarwar M., Nisa M., Khan M.S., Lee W.S., Lee H.J. and Kim H.S. (2006). Urea treated corn cobs ensiled with or without additives for buffaloes: Ruminal characteristics, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 19, 705-712.
Klotz J.L. and Heitmann R.N. (2006). Effects of weaning and ionophore supplementation on selected blood metabolites and growth in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 3587-3598.
Lesmeister K.E. and Heinrichs A.J. (2004). Effects of corn processing on growth characteristics, rumen development, and rumen parameters in neonatal dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 3439-3450.
Lee H.J., Khan M.A., Lee E.S., Kim H.S., Ki K.S., Kang S.J., Hur T.Y., Khan M.S. and Choi Y.J. (2008). Growth, blood metabolites, and health of Holstein calves fed milk replacer containing different amounts of energy and protein. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 21, 198-203.
Leibholz J. (1975). Ground roughage in the diet of the early-weaned calf. Anim. Prod. 20, 93-100.
Lequin R.M. (2005). Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) / enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clin. Chem. 51, 2415-2418.
Lohakare J.D., Pattanaik A.K. and Khan S.A. (2006). Effect of dietary protein levels on the performance, nutrient balances, metabolic profile and thyroid hormones of crossbred calves. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 19, 1588-1596.
Miller-Cushon E.K., Terre M., Devries T.J. and Bach A. (2014). The effect of palatability of protein source on dietary selection in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 4444-4454.
Owens F.N., Secrist D.S., Hill W.J. and Gill R.D. (1998). Acidosis in cattle: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 275-286.
Quigley J.D., Martin K.R., Dowlen H.H., Wallis L.B., Lamar K. (1994). Immunoglobulin concentration, specific gravity, and nitrogen fractions of colostrum from Jersey cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 264-269.
Richard M. (2006). Landmark Papers in Clinical Chemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
SAS Institute. (2008). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Stamey J.A., Janovick N.A., Kertz A.F. and Drackly J.K. (2012). Influence of starter protein content on growth of dairy calves in an enhanced early nutrition program. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 3327-3336.
Stobo I.J.F., Roy J.H.B. and Gaston H.J. (1966). Rumen development in the calf. 1. The effect of diets containing different proportions of concentrates to hay on rumen development. British J. Nutr. 20, 189-215.
Suarez B.G., Van Reenen C.G., Stockhofe N., Dijkstra J. and Gerrits W.J.J. (2007). Effect of roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 2390-2403.
Swan C.G., Bowman J.G.P., Martin J.M. and Giroux M.J. (2006). Increased puroindoline levels slow ruminal digestion of wheat (Triticum aestivum) starch by cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 641-650.
Tahmasbi A.M., Heidari Jhan Abadi S. and Naserian A.A. (2014). The effect of 2 liquid feeds and 2 source of protein in starter on performance and blood metabolites in Holstein neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 363-371.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 4, 3583-3597.