Methods of Embryo Sexing in Cattle Breeding: A Review

Subject Areas : Camel

و.  ساچان ¹ (Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India)
ب.  کومار ² (Department of Animal Reproduction, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India)
جی.  کومار آگراوال ³ (Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India)
آ.  کومار ⁴ (Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India)
آ.  ساکسنا ⁵ (Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India)

Received: 2019-03-31 Accepted : 2019-05-30 Published : 2020-03-01

Keywords: PCR, embryo sexing, fluorescent in situ hybridization, karyotyping, loop,

Abstract :

Different livestock sectors as beef industries get benefit from the production of male animals while dairy industries get benefit from the milk production by the female animals. Therefore, it is obvious need to produce the animals of desired sex which can be achieved by predetermining the sex of conceptus at the time of conception i.e. pre determination of sex may be of great economic importance. Control of the sex ratio by sex prediction of the of pre implanted embryo would be beneficial not only in relation to the aspect of management, production and breeding programmes of livestock but also in diagnosing the genetic disorders at prenatal stage. Pre-implantation sexing of embryos not only improves efficiency of embryo transfer but also facilitate the transfer of embryos of desired sex. Sex-sorted sperm is a one of the technique fulfilling the requirement but it is well expensive and less efficient. Another concept of getting genetically improved animals of desired sex is embryo sexing. Embryo sexing has great potential to maximize the efficiency of dairy production through controlling the sex ratio of domestic species. There are many methods to determine the sex of embryo categorized as invasive and non-invasive techniques with varying efficiency and merits.

References:

Aasen E. and Medrano J.F. (1990). Amplification of the ZFY and ZFX genes for sex identification in human, cattle, sheep, and goats. Biotechnol. 8, 1279-1281.

Akiyama K., Kobayashi J., Sato Y., Sata R., Ohashi M., Sasaki E., Oda Y., Ogawa Y., Ueda S., Nabenishi H. and Matoba S. (2010). Calf production from vitrified bovine sexed embryos following in-straw dilution. Anim. Sci. J. 81, 461-466.

Alves B.C., Mayer M.G., Taber A.P., Egito A.A., Fagundes V., McElreavey K. and Moreira-Filho C.A. (2006). Molecular characterization of a bovine Y-specific DNA sequence conserved in taurine and zebu breeds. DNA Sequen. 17(3), 199-202.

Anderson G.B. (1987). Identification of embryonic sex by detection of H-Y antigen. Theriogenology. 27, 87-97.

Avery B., Jorgensen C.B., Madison V. and Greve T. (1992). Morphological development and sex of bovine in vitro-fertilized embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 32, 265-270.

Barr M.L. and Bertram E.G. (1949). A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis. Nature. 163(4148), 676-677.

Betteridge K.J., Hare W.C.D. and Singh E.L. (1982). Approaches to sex selection in farm animals. Pp. 114 in New Technologies in Animal Breeding. B.G. Brackett, G.E. Seidel and S.M. Seidel, Eds. Academic Press, New York.

Bondioli K.R., Ellis S.B., Pryor J.H., Williams M.W. and Harpold M.M. (1989). The use of male-specific chromosomal DNA fragments to determine the sex of bovine preimplantation embryos. Theriogenology. 31, 95-104.

Booman P., Kruijt L., Veerhuis R., Hengst A.M., Tieman M. and Ruch F.E. (1989). Sexing bovine embryos with monoclonal antibodies against the H-Y antigen. Livest. Prod. Sci. 23, 1-7.

Bredbacka K. and Bredbacka P. (1996). Glucose controls sex-related growth rate differences of bovine embryos produced in vitro. J. Reprod. Fertil. 106, 169-172.

Bredbacka P., Kankaanpaa A. and Peippo J. (1995). PCR-sexing of bovine embryos: A simplified protocol. Theriogenology. 44, 167-176.

Bredbacka P. (1998). Recent developments in embryo sexing and its field application. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 38(6), 605-613.

Bredbacka P. (2001). Progression methods of gene detection in preimplantation embryos. Theriogenology. 55, 23-34.

Carvalho R.V., Del Campo M.R., Plante T. and Mapletoft R.J. (1995). Effects of storage or development on sex ratio and survival after freezing of Day 7 bovine IVF embryos. Theriogenology. 43, 183-189.

Cenariu M., Groza I., Pop R.A., Stegeran B., Pall E., Cătană L. and Bartoş A. (2008). Bovine embryo sexing using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). Bull. Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. Cluj-Napoca. Vet. Med. 6(2), 109-113.

Cenariu M., Groza I., Emoke P., Bogdan L., Morar I., Ciupe S. and Pop R. (2011). Sexing of bovine embryos using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Romanian Biotechnol. Lett. 16(2), 6055-6061.

Chapman V.M. (1985). X chromosome regulation in female mammals. Pp. 11-17 in Genetic Manipulation of the Early Mammalian Embryo. F. Costantini and R. Jaenisch, Eds. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

Chen C.M., Hu C.L., Wang C.H., Hung C.M., Wu H.K. and Choo K.B. and Cheng W.T. (1999). Genderdetermination in single bovine blastomeres by polymerase chain reaction amplification of sex-specific polymorphic fragments in the amelogenin gene. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 54, 209-214.

Cotinot C., Kirszenbaum M., Leonard M., Gianquinto L. and Vaiman M. (1991). Isolation of bovine Y-derived sequence: potential use in embryo sexing. Genomics. 10, 646-653.

Da Cruz A.S., Silva D.C., Costa E.O.A., De M-Jr P., da Silva C.C., Silva D.M. and da Cruz A.D. (2012). Cattle fetal sex determination by polymerase chain reaction using DNA isolated from maternal plasma. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 131, 49-53.

Delhanty J.D., Griffin D.K., Handyside A.H., Harper J., Atkinson G.H., Pieters M.H. and Winston R.M. (1993). Detection of aneuploidy and chromosomal mosaicism in human embryos during pre- implantation sex-determination by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). Hum. Mol. Genet. 2, 1183-1185.

Dervishi E., Martinez-Royo A., Sánchez P., Alabart J.L., Cocero M.J., Folch J. and Calvo J.H. (2008). Reliability of sex determination in ovine embryos using amelogenin gene (AMEL) Theriogenology. 70(2), 241-247.

Dominko T. and First N.L. (1993). Male predominance of bovine embryos can be observed at the 2-cell stage. Biol. Reprod. 48, 168-168.

Edwards R.G. and Gardner R.L. (1967). Sexing of live rabbit blastocyst. Nature. 214, 576-577.

Ekici H., Turan N., Sontas B.H., Helps C.R., Senunver A. and Ylmaz H. (2006). Sex determination of bovine embryos using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Rev. Med. Vet. 157, 441-444.

Frei R.E., Schultz G.A. and Church R.B. (1989). Qualitative and quantitative changes in protein synthesis occur at the 8-16-cell stage of embryogenesis in the cow. J. Reprod. Fertil. 88, 33-37.

Garcia J.F. (2001). Practical considerations of embryo manipulation: preimplantation genetic typing, Theriogenology. 56, 1393-1399.

Gokulakrishnan P., Kumar R.R., Sharma B.D., Mendiratta S.K., Malav O.P. and Sharma D. (2013). Determination of sex origin of meat from cattle, sheep and goat using PCR based assay. Small Rumin. Res. 113, 30-33.

Griffin O.K., Wilton L.J., Handyside A.H., Winston R.M.L. and Delhanty J.D.A. (1992). Dual fluorescent in situ hybridisation for simultaneous detection of X and Y chromosome-specific probes for the sexing of human pre-implantation embryonic nuclei. Hum. Genet. 89, 18-22.

Gutierrez-Adan A., Granados J., Pintado B. and De La Fuente J. (2001). Influence of glucose on the sex ratio of bovine IVM/IVF embryos cultured in vitro. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 13, 361-365.

Hamilton C.K., Combe A., Caudl J., Ashkar F., Macaulay A., Blondin P. and King W. (2012). A novel approach to sexing bovine blastocysts using malespecific gene expression. Theriogenology. 77, 1587-1596.

Han Y., Yoo O. and Lee K. (1993). Sex determination in single mouse blastomeres by polymerase chain reaction. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 10, 151-156.

Hare W.C.D., Mitchell D., Betteridge KJ., Eaglesome M.D. and Randall G.C.B. (1976). Sexing two-week old bovine embryos by hromosomal analysis prior to surgical transfer: Preliminary methods and results. Therioqenotoqv. 5, 243-253.

Herr C.M., Holt N.A., Matthaei K.I. and Reed K.C. (1990). Sex of progeny from bovine embryos sexed with a rapid Y-chromosome-detection assay. Theriogenology. 33, 247-253.

Herr C.M. and Reed K.C. (1991). Micromanipulation of bovine embryos for sex determination. Theriogenology. 35, 45-54.

Hirayama H., Kageyama S., Moriyasu S., Sawai K., Onoe S., Takahashi Y., Katagiri S., Toen K., Watanabe K., Notomi T., Yamashina H., Matsuzaki S. and Minamihashi A. (2004). Rapid sexing of bovine preimplantation embryos using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Theriogenology. 62, 887-896

Hirayama H., Kageyama S., Moriyasu S., Sawai K. and Minamihashi A. (2013). Embryo sexing and sex chromosomal chimerism analysis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification in cattle and water buffaloes. J. Reprod. Dev. 59(4), 321-326.

Holm P., Shukri N.N., Vajta G., Booth P., Bendixen C. and Callesen H. (1998). Developmental kinetics of the first cell cycles of bovine in vitro-produced embryos in relation to their in vitro viability and sex. Theriogenology. 50, 1285-1299.

Kageyama S., Yoshida I., Kawakura K. and Chikuni K. (2004). A novel repeated sequence located on the bovine Y chromosome: Its application to rapid and precise embryo sexing by PCR. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 66, 509-514.

Kaminski M.A., Ford S.P., Youngs C.R. and Conley A.J. (1996). Lack of effect of sex on pig embryonic development in vivo. J. Reprod. Fertil. 106, 107-110.

Karaşahin T., Akyol N., Satilmiş M., Kizil S.H., Bucak M.N. and Çoyan K. (2014). Investigation of conception rates achieved with the transfer of sexed and unsexed bovine embryos. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 38, 253-256.

Khamlor T., Pongpiachan P., Parnpai R., Punyawai K., Sangsritavong S. and Chokesajjawatee N. (2015). Bovine embryo sex determination by multiplex loop mediated isothermal amplification. Theriogenology. 83, 891-896.

Kitiyanant Y., Saikhun J., Siriaroonrat B. and Pavasuthipaisit K. (2000). Sex determination by polymerase chain reaction and karyotyping of bovine embryos at first cleavage in vitro. Sci. Asia. 26, 9-13.

Kobayashi J., Nagayama H., Uchida H., Oikawa T., Numabe T., Takada N., Sasada H. and Sato E. (2004). Selection of sexed bovine embryos using rapid fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Vet. Record. 154, 789-791.

Kouamo J. and Kharche S.D. (2014). An overview of sex selection at conception in mammals. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 4(3), 463-476.

Larson M.A., Kimura K., Kubisch H.M. and Roberts R.M. (2001). Sexual dimorphism among bovine embryos in their ability to make the transition to expanded blastocyst and in the expression of the signaling molecule 1qIFN-tau. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98, 9677-9682.

Lee J.H., Park J.H., Lee S.H., Park C.S. and Jin D.I. (2004). Sexing using single blastomere derived from IVF bovine embryos by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Theriogenology. 62, 1452-1458.

Leonard M., Kirszenbaum C., Cotinot C., Chesné P., Heyman Y., Stinnakre M.G., Bishop C., Delouis C., Vaiman M. and Fellous M. (1987). Sexing bovine embryos using Y chromosome specific DNAprobe. Theriogenology. 27, 248-258.

Malik H.N., Singhal D.K., Mukherjee A., Bara N., Kumar S., Saugandhika S., Mohanty A.K., Kaushik J.K., Bag S., Das B.C., Bhanja S.K. and Malakar D. (2013). A single blastomere sexing of caprine embryos by simultaneous amplification of sex chromosomespecific sequence of SRY and amelogenin genes. Livest. Sci. 157, 351-357.

Mara L., Pilichi S., Sanna A., Accardo C., Chessa B., Chessa F., Dattena M., Bomboi G. and Cappai P. (2004). Sexing of in vitro produced ovine embryos by duplex PCR. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 69, 35-42.

Monk M. and Handyside A.H. (1988). Sexing of preimplantation mouse embryos by measurement of X-linked gene dosage in a single blastomere. J. Reprod. Fertil. 8, 365-368.

Nagamine K., Hase T. and Notomi T. (2002). Accelerated reaction by loopmediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Mol. Cell. Probes. 16, 223-229.

Nicholas F.W. and Smith C. (1983). Increased rates of genetic changes in dairy cattle by transfer and splitting. Anim. Prod. 36, 341-353.

Notomi T., Okayama H., Masubuchi H., Yonekawa T., Watanabe K., Amino N. and Hase T. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 63.

Peippo J., Huhtinen M. and Kotilainen T. (1995). Sex diagnosis of equine preimplantation embryos using the polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 4, 619-627.

Pergament E., Fiddler M., Cho N., Johnson D. and Holmgren W.J. (1994). Sexual differentiation and preimplantation cell growth. Hum. Reprod. 9, 1730-1732.

Peura T., Hyttinen J.M., Turunen M. and Janne J. (1991). A reliable sex determination assay for bovine preimplantation embryos using the polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 35, 547-555.

Pfeiffer I. and Brenig B. (2005). X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European rea deer (Cervus elaphus). BMC Genet. 6, 16-22.

Picard L., King W.A. and Betteridge K.J. (1984). Cytological studies of bovine half-embryos. Theriogenology. 21, 252-258.

Picard L., King W.A. and Betteridge K.J. (1985). Production of sexed calves from frozen thawed embryos. Vet. Rec. 117, 603-608.

Pomp P., Good B.A., Geisert R.D., Corbin C.J. and Conley A.J. (1995). Sex identification in mammals with polymerase chain reaction and its use to examine sex effect on diameter of day- 10 or -11 pig embryos. J. Anim. Sc. 73, 1408-1415.

Pratheesh M.D., Harish C., Syam R. and Anoopraj R. (2011). Embryo sexing- recent approaches in domestic animals. J. Indian Vet. Assoc. 9(1), 62-63.

Saikhun J., Kitityanant Y., Chuangsoonneon U., Jaruansuwan M. and Pavasuthipaisit K. (1997). Difference of first cleavage rates and sex ratio of bovine embryos produced in vitro using chromosome analysis. Thai. J. Physiol. Sci. 10, 37-49.

Saiki R.K., Gelfand D.H., Stoffel S., Scharf S.J., Higuchi R., Horn G.T., Mullis K.B. and Ehrlish H.A. (1989). Primer directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science. 239, 487-491.

Schroder A., Miller J.R., Thomsen P.D., Roschlau K., Avery B., Poulsen P.H., Schmidt M. and Schwerin M. (1990). Sex determination of bovine embryos using the polymerase chain reaction. Anim. Biotechnol. 1, 121-133.

Seidel Jr G.E. (2007). Overview of sexing sperm. Theriogenology. 68(3), 443-446.

Sharma M., Singh A., Sharma N. and Rawat S. (2017). Embryo sexing in cattle: Review.Int. J. Curr. Innov. Res. 3(12), 955-960.

Shea B.E. (1998). Determining the sex of bovine embryos using polymerase chain reaction results: A six-year retrospective study. Theriogenology. 51, 785-797.

Tiffin G.J., Rieger D., Betteridge K.J., Yadav B.R. and King W.A. (1991). Glucose and glutamine metabolism in pre-attachment cattle embryos in relation to sex and stage of development. J. Reprod. Fertil. 93, 125-132.

Trigal B., Gomez E., Diez C., Caamaño J.N., Muñoz M., Moreno J. Carrocera S., Martín D., Goyache F. and Álvarez I. (2012). Comparative study of PCR-sexing procedures using bovine embryos fertilized with sex-sorted spermatozoa. Spanish J. Agric. Res. 10(2), 353-359.

Utsumi K. and Iritani A. (1993). Embryo sexing by male specific antibodies and by PCR using male specific SRYprimer. Moel. Reprod. Dev. 36(2), 238-241.

Wachtel S. (1983). H-Y Antigen and the biology of Sex Determination. Brune and Stratton, New York.

Wakchaure R., Ganguly S., Kumar P. and Mahajan T. (2015). Methods for embryos sexing and their applications in animal breeding: A review. Octa J. Biosci. 3(2), 47-49.

Weikard R., Pitra C. and Kühn C. (2006). Amelogenin crossamplification in the family bovidae and its application for sex determination. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 73, 1333-1337.

White K.L., Anderson G.B., Berger P.J., BonDurant R.H. and Pashen R.L. (1985). Expression of a male-specific factor (H-Y antigenl on preimplantation porcine embryos. J. Anim. Sci. 8l(1), 408-416.

White K.L., Anderson G.B. and BonDurant R.H. (1987a). Expression of a male-specific factor on various stages of Preimplantation bovine embryos. Biol. Reprod. 37, 867-875.

White K.L., Anderson G.B., Pashen R.L. and Bondurant R.H. (1987b). Detection of histocompatibility Y antigen: Identification of sex of pre-implantation ovine embryos. J. Reprod. Immunol. 10, 27-32.

White K.L. (1989). Embryo and gamete sex selection. Pp. 184 in Animal Biotechnology: Comprehensive Biotechnology (First Supplement). L.A. Babiuk, J.P. Phillips and M. Moo Young, Eds. Pregamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Wintenberger-Torres S. and Popesc C.P. (1980). Transfer of cow blastocysts after sexing. Theriogenology. 14, 309-318.

Yadav B.R., King W.A. and Betteridge K.J. (1993). Relationships between the completion of first cleavage and the chromosomal complement, sex, and developmental rates of bovine embryos generated in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 36, 434-439.

Zhang Z.P., Zhang Y., Liu J.P., Zhang J.T., An Z.X., Quan F.S., Zhang L., Cai X. and Pu S.W. (2009). Code position of dNTPs detection for rapid LAMP-based sexing of bovine embryos. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 44(1), 116-121.

Zwingman T., Erickson R.P., Boyer T. and Ao A. (1993). Transcription of the sex-determining region genes Sry and Zfy in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. 90, 814-817.