The Effects of Leadership Styles on Job Performance of Experts through the Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment (The Case of Agricultural Jihad Organization of Kerman Province)
Subject Areas : Farm Management
لطیف حاجی
1
,
حمید کریمی
2
,
ناصر ولی‌زاده
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، بخش ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
2 - استادیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
3 - دانشجوی دکتری، بخش ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
Keywords: psychological empowerment, job performance, Leadership Styles, Agricultural Jihad Organization,
Abstract :
Job performance is considered one of the most important criteria for developing and measuring the performance of organizations such as the Agricultural Jihad Organization (AJO). The main purpose of the present study was to study the effects of leadership styles on job performance through the mediating role of psychological empowerment. The statistical population was composed of the experts of AJO in Kerman province (N=1418). The sample size was estimated to be 306 experts according to Krejcie and Morgan’s sampling table. The stratified random sampling method was used to select the samples. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts in the field of agricultural extension, education, and management. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was employed to examine the reliability of the constructs (0.76≤α≤0.93). The results revealed that the psychological empowerment and the transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles had significant effects on job performance. The transformational and transactional leadership styles also had positive and significant effects on psychological empowerment. On the other hand, the laissez-faire leadership style had a negative and significant effect on psychological empowerment. In the end, it should be noted that the independent variables could account for 63 percent of the variance in job performance.
Abah, R. C., & Petja, B. M. (2015). The socio-economic factors affecting agricultural development in the lower river Benue basin. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(24), 84-94.
Aghanasiri, M. (2012). A review on the trend of investment in agricultural sector in development programs. Economic Journal, 5, 61-78.
Ajani, E.N., & Onwubuya, E.A. (2013). Constraints to effective communication among extension agents in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 14(1), 18-25.
Alarifi, S. (2014). The effects of transformational leadership on followers’ creativity and innovation. (Unpublished dissertation, Business School, Brunel University London, United Kingdom).
Allahyari, M. S., Mohammadzadeh, M., & Nastis, S. A. (2016). Agricultural experts’ attitude towards precision agriculture: Evidence from Guilan Agricultural Organization, Northern Iran. Information Processing in Agriculture, 3(3), 183-189.
Allameh, S. M., Heydari, M., & Davoodi, S. M. R. (2012). Studying the relationship between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment of teachers in Abade Township. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 224-230.
Avey, J. B., Hughes, L. W., Norman, S. M., & Luthans, K. W. (2008). Using positivity, transformational leadership and empowerment to combat employee negativity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(2), 110-126
Badri, S.A., Roknoddin-Eftekhari, A.R. Soleimani, M., & Behmand, D. (2011). The role of agricultural production systems (Family-oriented systems) in sustainable rural development (The case of Ghir and Karzin in Fars Province). Human Geography Research, 76, 33-48.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership. Theory, Research and Managerial Applications (3rd Ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1997). Full range leadership development: manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mindgarden.
Baylis, K., Peplow, S., Rausser, G., & Simon, L. (2008). Agri-environmental policies in the EU and United States: A comparison. Ecological Economics, 65(4), 753-764.
Bozovic, Z., & Ðuraskovic, J. (2014). The role of human factor in the development of agriculture in Montenegro. Ekonomika Poljoprivrede, 61(1), 7.
Burton, R.J.F. (2013). The influence of farmer demographic characteristics on environmental behaviour: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 135, 19-26.
Bushra, F., Ahmad, U., & Naveed, A. (2011). Effect of transformational leadership on employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Lahore (Pakistan). International journal of Business and Social science, 2(18), 12-19.
Canto, F., Fiore, M., La Sala, P., & Papapietro, P. (2011). The role of education, knowledge and human resources for the agricultural development in the perspective of new CAP: An hypothesis of change in Basilicata. Educational Research, 2(12), 1773-1783.
Degago, E. (2014). A study on impact of psychological empowerment on employee performance in small and medium scale enterprise sectors. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(27), 60-72.
Díaz-Vilela, L. F., Rodríguez, N. D., Isla-Díaz, R., Díaz-Cabrera, D., Hernández-Fernaud, E., & Rosales-Sánchez, C. (2015). Relationships between contextual and task performance and interrater agreement: Are there any? PloS One, 10(10), e0139898.
Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569-591.
Enaiati-Kukandeh, J., & Azdeh-Del, M.R. (2015). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance (Case Study: Hospitals and therapeutic centers of Hormozgan). Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 5(4), 37-39.
Gabre-Madhin, E. Z., & Haggblade, S. (2004). Successes in African agriculture: Results of an expert survey. World Development, 32(5), 745-766.
Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(2), 68-78.
Ghafoor, A., Qureshi, T. M., Khan, M. A., & Hijazi, S. T. (2011). Transformational leadership, employee engagement and performance: Mediating effect of psychological ownership. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7391-7403.
Ghorbanian, A., Haddadpour, A., & Babaei, S.B. (2010). Relationship between leadership style (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire) and managers’ satisfaction with emergency medical technicians in Isfahan. Rescue and Relief, 2 (3), 1-17.
Gill, A., Fitzgerald, S., Bhutani, S., Mand, H., & Sharma, S. (2010). The relationship between transformational leadership and employee desire for empowerment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(2), 263-273.
Gregory-Stone, A., Russell, R. F., & Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 349-361.
Griffin, M., Neal, A., & Neale, M. (2000). The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effectiveness: investigating the role of situational constraints. Applied Psychology, 49 (3), 517–533.
Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473.
Harris, K. J., Wheeler, A. R., & Kacmar, K. M. (2009). Leader–member exchange and empowerment: Direct and interactive effects on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 371-382.
Hasani, R., Tavakkoli, M., and Zandi, K. (2016). The mediating role of psychological empowerment in explaining the relationship between transformational leadership and employee engagement. Organizational Culture Management, 14 (3), 883-907.
Hayat, A.A., Azizi-Shemaei, M., Faraji, H., & Maleki-Hsanvand, M. (2011). Investigating the relationships between transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles and empowerment of employees. Business Management, 3 (12), 1-28.
Higgs, M. (2003). How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century? Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(5), 273-284.
Hill, N. S., Kang, J. H., & Seo, M. G. (2014). The interactive effect of leader–member exchange and electronic communication on employee psychological empowerment and work outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), 772-783.
Hoseinpour, A., Abbasi, T., & Norouzi, M. (2011). Investigating the role of transformational leadership in employees' empowerment. Management Research in Iran, 15 (1), 159-180.
Humphreys, J. H., & Einstein, W. O. (2003). Nothing new under the sun: Transformational leadership from a historical perspective. Management Decision, 41(1), 85-95.
Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 269-277.
Jafari-Harandi, R., & & Najafi, H. (2017). The effect of leadership style on human resources' performance by mediating role of organizational silence. Management Studies in Development and Evolution, 26 (85), 57-85.
Johnson, S. K., Holladay, C. L., & Quiñones, M. A. (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior in performance evaluations: distributive justice or injustice? Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(4), 409-418.
Jones, D., & Rudd, R. (2008). Transactional, transformational, or laissez-faire leadership: An assessment of college of agriculture academic program leaders'(Deans) leadership styles. Journal of Agricultural Education, 49(2), 88-97.
Kahya, E. (2009). The effects of job performance on effectiveness. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39(1), 96-104.
Khalifeh-Soltani, H., Saedi, A., & Etemadian, S. (2017). The effect of transformational leaders on psychological empowerment of employees to develop entrepreneurial capabilities and activities in an organization. Organizational Behavior Studies, 6 (1), 121-145.
Khodabakhshzadeh, S., Amirzadeh-Moradabadi, S., Khodabakhshzadeh, S., & Bani-Asadi, M. (2015). Investigating the factors affecting human resources productivity, Barriers and Solutions (Case Study: Bam University of Medical Sciences). Jelandishapur Training Development Philosophy, 6 (4), 323-331.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Li, C., Wu, K., Johnson, D. E., & Wu, M. (2012). Moral leadership and psychological empowerment in China. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(1), 90-108.
Liu, A. M., Chiu, W. M., & Fellows, R. (2007). Enhancing commitment through work empowerment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(6), 568-580.
Mehnat-Far, Y., Soleimani, H., & Babaei, S.B. (2015). The effect of value added of different economic sectors on economic growth of provinces in the Fourth Development Plan (with an emphasis on agriculture) using panel data. Iranian Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 10 (20), 1-16.
Mirhoseini, A., Mohammadi, E., Shiri, A., & Nasrollahi, A. (2015). The relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles with empowerment of hospital Staff in Ilam County. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 23 (3), 1-7.
Mosaddeghrad, A.M. (2005). The relationship between leadership styles of managers and the efficiency of university hospitals in Isfahan. Administrative Sciences and Economics, 17 (4), 23-37.
Nauman, S., Khan, A. M., & Ehsan, N. (2010). Patterns of empowerment and leadership style in project environment. International Journal of Project Management, 28(7), 638-649.
Pourjafar, M., & Rastgar, A. (2015). The role of transformational leadership on employees' empowerment with the mediating role of learning interest. Organizational Resources Management Researches, 5 (1), 25-42.
Quiñones, M., Van den Broeck, A., & De Witte, H. (2013). Do job resources affect work engagement via psychological empowerment? A mediation analysis. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizations, 29(3), 127-134.
Ravallion, M., & Datt, G. (2002). Why has economic growth been more pro-poor in some states of India than others?. Journal of Development Economics, 68(2), 381-400.
Rivera, W.M. (2011). Public Sector Agricultural Extension System Reform and the Challenges Ahead. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 17, 165-180.
Roknoddin-Eftekhari, A.R., Pour-Taheri, M., Farajzadeh, M., & Heidari-Sareban, V. (2009). The role of empowerment in agricultural development (The case of Ardabil Province). Human Geography Research, 69, 87-103.
Schyns, B.; Torka, N., & Gossling, T. (2007). Turnover intention and preparedness for change: Exploring leader-member exchange and occupational self-efficacy as antecedents of two employability predictors. Career Development International, 12, 660-679.
Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981-1003.
Shamsaei, F., Davood-Abadi, Z., & Sadeghi, A. (2015). Investigating personality characteristics of managers with their leadership style. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management, 4 (1), 9-17.
Skakon, J., Nielsen, K., Borg, V., & Guzman, J. (2010). Are leaders' well-being, behaviors and style associated with the affective well-being of their employees? A systematic review of three decades of research. Work & Stress, 24(2), 107-139.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465
Sun, L. Y., Zhang, Z., Qi, J., & Chen, Z. X. (2012). Empowerment and creativity: A cross-level investigation. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 55-65.
Sundi, K. (2013). Effect of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on employee performance of Konawe Education Department at Southeast Sulawesi Province. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(12), 50-58.
Tetik, N. (2016). The effects of psychological empowerment on job satisfaction and job performance of tourist guides. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(2), 221-239.
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681.
Wagner, J. I., Cummings, G., Smith, D. L., Olson, J., Anderson, L., & Warren, S. (2010). The relationship between structural empowerment and psychological empowerment for nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(4), 448-462.
Wang, G., Oh, I. S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research. Group & Organization Management, 36(2), 223-270.
Yaghoubi, N.M., Moghaddami, M., &Keykha, A. (2010). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. Transformation Management, 2 (4), 64-96.
Yu, M. L., Hamid, S., Ijab, M. T., & Soo, H. P. (2009). The e-balanced scorecard (e-BSC) for measuring academic staff performance excellence. Higher Education, 57(6), 813-828.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.