Role of External Factors on Application of Strategic Management in Agricultural Knowledge and Information System in Iran
Subject Areas : Environmental policy and managementحسنا میلادی 1 , ایرج ملک محمدی 2 , محمد چیذری 3 , سید محمود حسینی 4
1 - دکترای ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی از دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران
2 - استاد تمام، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران
3 - استاد تمام، دانشکده ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران
4 - استاد تمام، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران
Keywords: strategic management, External Factors, diminutions, knowledge and information system,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to identify external factors affecting strategic management in agricultural knowledge and information system and to examine their relative importance from experts’ point of view. Five factors were identified based on the interviews, examination of relevant literature and previous researches; In line with that, a questionnaire was developed to suit this purpose. Face and content validity of the research instrument verified by the research committee. To determine the reliability of the instrument, a pilot study was conducted with 30 Agriculture - Jihad Organization personnel from Qazvin Province. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s Alpha) was computed 0.95, which indicated that the questionnaire had a high reliability index. External factors consisted of sociocultural, policy, economic, technological, and ecological factors. The statistical population was consisted of line and staff experts of Agriculture Organizations of Alborz and Tehran Provinces (N=161). Data was analyzed by SPSSwin20 software. The results showed that sociocultural, economic, ecological, policy and technological factors were the most important external factors affecting strategic management in agricultural knowledge and information respectively.
Agbamu, J. U. (2000). Agricultural research-extension linkage systems: an international perspective. Network Paper-Agricultural Research and Extension Network, (106), 1-7.
Anderson, J. R., & Feder, G. (2004). Agricultural extension: Good intentions and hard realities. The World Bank Research Observer, 19(1), 41-60.
Antón, J., & Pascal, A. (2008). Agricultural policies and risk management: A holistic approach. Paper prepared for presentation at the 108th EAAE Seminar ‘Income stabilization in a changing agricultural world: policy and tools’, Warsaw, February 8-9, 2008.
Assefa, A., Waters-Bayer, A., Fincham, R., & Mudahara, M. (2007). Comparison of frameworks for studying grassroots innovation: Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) and Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKIS). Retrieved from web:www.innovationafrica.net/pdf/c3-assefa-full.pdf
Bartlett, A. (2010). An introduction to real-world extension. Rural Development News, 1, 7-14.
Byerlee D., De Janvry, A., & Sadoulet, E. (2009). Agricultural for development: Toward a new paradigm Annual Review of Resource Economics, 1(1), 15-31, http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:anr:reseco:v:1:y:2009:p:15-31.
Campbell, A. D., & Barker, C. S. (1997). Selecting appropriate content and methods in program delivery. In: Swanson, B.E., Bentz, R.P., & Sofranko, A.J. (Eds.).Improving agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome, FAO.
Choo, C. W. (1996).The knowing organization: How organizations use information to construct meaning, create knowledge and make decisions. International Journal of Information Management, 16(5), 329-340.
Diffenbach,J.(1983).Corporate Environmental Analysis in Large US Corporations. Long Range Planning,16(3), 107-116.
Heifner, R., Coble, K., Perry, J., & Somwaru, A. (1999). Managing risk in farming: concepts, research, and analysis. J. L. Harwood (Ed.). US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Franz, N. K., & Townson, L. (2008). The nature of complex organizations: The case of Cooperative Extension. New Directions for Evaluation, 2008(120), 5-14.
Fe'li, S., Rad, G. P., Sadighi, H., Shahbazi, E., & Abhari, S. J. G. (2013). Assessing the Process of Extension Program Development in Iranian Agricultural Extension System. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 3(1), 1-7.
George, D., & Mallery. P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step- A simple guide and reference. New York: Pearson Education.
Kaine, G., Doyle, B., Reeve, I., & Lees, J. (1999, January). Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems: A Network Analysis. In 1999 Conference (43th), January 20-22, 1999, Christchurch, New Zealand (No. 123823). Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
Kizilaslan, N. (2007). Rural women in Agricultural extension training. Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2(3), 23-27.
Leeuwis, C. (2013). Communication for rural innovation: rethinking agricultural extension. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Mukasa, S., Tanzarn, N., Kabuchu, H., & Kayonga, S. V. (2004). Uganda: Poverty and gender assessment: Strengthening linkages between poverty and gender analysis in Uganda. Copenhagen: Danish Development Cooperation.
Ponniah, A., Puskur, R., Workneh, S., Hoekstra, D. (2008). Concepts and practices in agricultural extension in developing countries: A source book. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute), Washington, DC, USA, and ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Peterson, W. (1997). The context of extension in agricultural and rural development (Chapter3). Improving agricultural extension. A reference manual. Swanson, BE; Bentz, PR and Sofranko, JA (Eds.). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Roma, Italy.
Qamar, M. K. (2002). Global trends in agricultural extension: Challenges facing Asia and the Pacific region; FAO Regional Expert Consultation on Agricultural Extension (Bangkok, July 2002). FAO. Rome.
Ortiz, O. (2006). Evolution of agricultural extension and information dissemination in Peru: An historical perspective focusing on potato-related pest control. Agriculture and Human Values, 23(4), 477-489.
Rivera, W. M., Qamar, M. K., & Mwandemere, H. K. (2016). Enhancing coordination among AKIS/RD actors: an analytical and comparative review of country studies on agricultural knowledge and information systems for rural development (AKIS/RD).
Roling, N. G., & Jiggins, J. (1998). The ecological knowledge system. In ‘Facilitating sustainable agriculture: participatory learning and adaptive management in times of environmental uncertainty’.(Eds NG Röling, MAE Wagemakers) pp. 283–311.
Roling, N. (1988). Extension science: Information systems in agricultural development. CUP Archive.
Swanson, B. E. (2008). Global review of good agricultural extension and advisory service practices. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Torres, T. Z., Pierozzi, I., Pereira, N. R., & De Castro, A. (2011). Knowledge management and communication in Brazilian agricultural research: An integrated procedural approach. International Journal of Information Management, 31(2), 121-127.
Tossou, R. C., & Zinnah, M. M. (2005). Search for better institutional arrangements for agricultural extension services in a decentralized context: the Republic of Benin. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 12(3), 43-52.
Vanclay, F. (2004). Social principles for agricultural extension to assist in the promotion of natural resource management. Animal Production Science, 44(3), 213-222.
Zakaria, A. (2003). Decentralizing Extension to Local Governments: Indonesia Experience. In Regional Workshop on Operationalizing Reforms in Agricultural Extension in South Asia New Delhi, India.
Zook, C. (2004). Beyond the core: Expand your market without abandoning your roots. Harvard Business Press.