طراحی شهری در شهر ایرانی پیش از اسلام
محمد حسن خادم زاده
1
(استادیار گروه مرمت و مطالعات معماری ایران، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهران)
مهرک شیرخانی
2
(دانشکده معماری - دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا- دانشگاه تهران)
کلید واژه: شهر دوره هخامنشی, شهر دوره ساسانی, شهر دوره اشکانی, کالبد شهر, پیرامون شهری, شبکه دسترسی,
چکیده مقاله :
در طرح یک شهر، از فرم و هندسه مطلوب تا چگونگی روابط اجتماعی بروز میابد. این نوشتار با تمرکز بر فرم شهرها شامل پیرامون، شبکه‌های دسترسی و چینش ساختمان‌ها، به دنبال آن است که دریابد شهرهای ایران باستان تا چه اندازه پیرو طرح از پیش آماده شده بوده‌اند و این طرح‌ها بر چه موضوعاتی تمرکز داشته‌اند. بدین منظور با بکارگیری روشهای مطالعه تطبیقی و تفسیری تاریخی، متون تاریخی و نقشه‌های موجود در مطالعه‌ای مقایسه‌ای تحلیل شده‌اند. به موازات آن نظریات پژوهشگران معاصر برای درک تطبیق یا عدم تطبیق آن‌ها با شواهد و نقشه‌ها بررسی شد. نتیجه آن‌که، اهمیت تهیه نقشه قبل از احداث شهر در اندیشه ایرانیان باستان، نقش کالبد شهر در نمایش اعتقادات، ظهور هندسه راست‌گوشه در دوره‌ی هخامنشیان، عدم تناسب صفت دایره‌ای برای شهرهای اشکانی، تکرار شبکه شطرنجی در شهرهای ساسانی و دسته‌بندی کالبد شهرها با توجه به هندسی بودن یا نبودن آن‌ها در این پژوهش تشریح شده‌است.
چکیده انگلیسی :
In the scope of human social existence, cities, akin to architecture necessitate design. This design can be uniquely purposed to cater to basic needs such as determining pathways or maximizing security, or it can go beyond practical considerations and deal with issues such as encompassing cultural aspects, like displaying power. When designing a city, economic and geographical limitations play a significant role. City plans incorporate elements ranging from desirable form and geometry to the manifestation of social relationships. This study focused on the form of cities including their boundaries, access networks, and arrangement of buildings seeks to understand to what extent were ancient Iranian cities compliant with pre-established plans, and what were the focal themes of these plans. To pursue this purpose, historical texts, and existing maps have been analyzed through comparative and interpretive historical study methods. Contemporary researchers' theories regarding their compatibility or lack thereof with evidence and maps have also been examined. The result reveals that urban design held importance in the contemplation of ancient Iranians, as suggested in historical texts and inscriptions. Characteristics are observable in the remnants of these cities, such as the form of the surroundings, the access network, and the arrangement of buildings, indicate their implementation would have been improbable without adherence to a pre-established plan. Therefore, the necessity for urban design in the remaining works is evident, facilitating everyday city life as well as pursuing other objectives such as showcasing power and religious beliefs. In city design, alongside geography, road networks, and political location, the placement of the city's significant and ordinary buildings also held importance. Despite some geometrical shapes holding specific meanings in Iranian mythology, it is not necessarily factual to attribute a particular shape to a belief or a specific era. Considering that many important cities of the Parthian era are not circular, and among those that are, very few have perfect geometric circles, and most exhibit convex or polygonal forms built for defensive ease. In this era, cities were observed with relatively precise geometries in both circular and square or rectangular forms. Therefore, the term 'Parthian circular city' appears inaccurate. Moreover, the existence of right-angled geometry in the cities of the Achaemenid era creates doubt that the Parthians established their cities in opposition to the Hippodamian cities of the Seleucids. Dividing Iranian cities into two categories grid (chessboard-like) and radial is not accurate. There exist cities with right-angled (not grid) access networks or irregular networks. Even circular cities do not necessarily have a radial road network. There are also mixed or hybrid cities. Hence, the city organization can be divided into two categories: geometric and non-geometric. In conclusion, the study of ancient Iranian cities and their designs provide valuable insights into the importance of urban planning and design in the past. It highlights the careful considerations given to various factors, including practical needs, cultural expressions, and even defense strategies. By delving into historical texts, analyzing maps, and employing rigorous research methods, we can better understand the complex relationship between cities.