• صفحه اصلی
  • ساماندهی تالاب بزنگان از طریق ظرفیت‌سازی و مشارکت اجتماعی

اشتراک گذاری

آدرس مقاله


کد مقاله : HE-2002-1859 (R1) بازدید : 165 صفحه: 73 - 86

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

ساماندهی تالاب بزنگان از طریق ظرفیت‌سازی و مشارکت اجتماعی

محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیست

مهدی کلاهی 1 , رقیه عظیمی سقین سرا 2 , ابوذر حاتمی یزد 3

1 - استادیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، پژوهشکده آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دانش آموخته ارشد پژوهش علوم اجتماعی، عضو انجمن مردم نهاد ملی توان افزایان زندگی سبز (اتازیس).
3 - متخصص هیدرولوژی اجتماعی، قائم مقام مدیرعامل شرکت مهندسین مشاور گزین سازه توس.

تاریخ دریافت : 1398/12/05 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/10/05 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/10/01

کلید واژه: مدیریت تطبیقی, مدیریت مشارکتی, مدیریت مشارکتی تالاب, CEPA,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه هدف: تالاب ها، اکوسیستم های مهمی در سراسر جهان هستند که با ارائه طیف گسترده ای از کالاها و خدمات اکوسیستمی، دارای مزایای متنوع اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی و محیط زیستی برای جوامع محلی هستند. در این بین، مشارکت جوامع محلی نقش اساسی در حفاظت و حراست پایدار از این منابع ایفا می کند. مقاله حاضر با هدف ساماندهی تالاب بزنگان از طریق ظرفیت سازی و مشارکت اجتماعی براساس یافته های حاصل از اجرای طرح ساماندهی تالاب بزنگان با رویکرد ظرفیت سازی اجتماعی انجام شده است.روش بررسی: شیوه پژوهش، مشارکتی با کارکرد تحقیق در عمل است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، نهادهای محلی و دولتی و همچنین زنان و مردان روستاهای حوضه تالاب بزنگان مخصوصا روستاییان بزنگان هستند. برای ساماندهی تالاب بزنگان، از ابزار CEPA (برقراری ارتباط، آموزش و آگاهی عمومی) به عنوان ابزاری برای ظرفیت سازی و مشارکت اجتماعی استفاده شد. برای برقراری ارتباط با جامعه و نهادهای محلی و دولتی در جهت برجسته سازی اهمیت تالاب، جشنواره ای توسط اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست خراسان رضوی برگزار و کارگاه های آموزشی برای مردم روستای بزنگان اجرا شد. همچنین در راستای ارائه برنامه های راهبردی، با استفاده از SWOT و پرسشنامه، نشست هایی با معتمدان محلی تدارک دیده شد.یافته‌ها: نتایج بدست آمده نشان می دهند توسعه گردشگری و بهره برداری پایدار، هماهنگی و برنامه ریزی اقدامات (حفاظت)، و همچنین برگزاری جلسات آموزشی، مهمترین عوامل موثر در حفاظت و حمایت از تالاب بزنگان هستند.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: توسعه گردشگری و بهره برداری پایدار می تواند نقش مهمی در توانمندسازی جوانان روستایی و کسب درآمد پایدار داشته و زمینه را برای کاهش مهاجرت آنها به نقاط اطراف فراهم کند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Wetlands are important ecosystems around the world that offer a wide range of ecosystem goods and services that have social, cultural, economic, and environmental benefits for local communities. Therefore, the participation of local communities plays an essential role in sustainable conservation and preservation of these resources. The paper aims to organize Bazangan Wetland management through capacity building and social participation by the implementation of the Bazangan Wetland Management Plan with a social capacity-building approach.Material and Methodology: The methodology is collaborative with applying research in practice. The statistical population is local and governmental institutions as well as women and men of the villages around Bazangan Wetland, especially the villagers of Bazangan. The CEPA tool (Communication, Education, and Public Awareness) was applied. To reach out to the community and the institutions to highlight the importance of the wetland, furthermore, a festival and several workshops were organized for locals and other stakeholders. Strategic plans were developed using SWOT and questionnaires with local trustees.Findings: The results reveal three of the most crucial factors in the conservation and preservation of the wetland, including sustainable tourism development, collaboration to plan conservation actions, as well as training sessions.Discussion and Conclusion: They can play a critical role in empowering rural youth, earning a sustainable income, and paving the way for reducing their rural-urban migration.

منابع و مأخذ:


  1. Ramírez, F. and Santana, J., 2019. Wetland Ecotourism. In Environmental Education and Ecotourism (pp. 51-56). Springer, Cham.
    2.
  2. McCartney, M.P., Rebelo, L.M. and Sellamuttu, S.S., 2015. Wetlands, livelihoods and human health. In Wetlands and human health (pp. 123-148). Springer, Dordrecht.
    3.
  3. Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G., 1993. Wetlands. 722p Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York.
    4.
  4. Ramsar, U.N.W.T.O., 2012. Destination wetlands: supporting sustainable tourism. In Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Gland, Switzerland, & World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Madrid, Spain.
    5.
  5. Montazerhojat, A., & Mansouri, B. 2016. Economic Valuation of Environmental benefits (A Case of Bamdezh Wetland). Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran, 5(18), 243-269. (In Persian)
    6.
  6. Amin Mansour, J. 2012. From Ramsar to Urmia: International Dimensions of Urmia Lake Crisis", Foreign Policy Quarterly, 27(2), 389-410. (In Persian)
    7.
  7. Fazli Varzaneh, M., Sedaghat, M. 2018. Talab Gavakhuni. Geography Education Development, 86: 13-17. (In Persian)
    8.
  8. Layeghi, S., Sarmi, S. 2014. Miqan Desert Wetland, investigating the effects of environmental threats on underground water resources. Geography Education Growth, 111: 18-22. (In Persian)
    9.
  9. Khorasani, N., Mansouri, J. 1985. Wetlands, their value and importance for humans. Journal of Environmental Studies, 13(13), 63-100. (In Persian)
    10.
  10. Behrozi-Rad, B. 2007. Wetlands of Iran. Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces Press. (In Persian)
    11.
  11. Bigler Fadafan, M., Danehkar, M., Alizadeh Shabani, A. 2015. Environment of Bazangan Wetland. Geography Education Growth, 30(1). (In Persian)
    12.
  12. Erfany, G., & Dizani, E. (2010). From the Words to Action, “Organization” In Urban Interventions. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 7(13), 49-60. (In Persian)
    13.
  13. Khani, A., Zamani, S. 2011. Preliminary survey of the breeding birds of Bazangan Wetland of Sarakhs. The 2nd Environmental Planning and Management Conference. (In Persian)
    14.
  14. Taleghani, M, Seliminia, E. 2017. Building the capacity of communities as a tool for sustainable development of tourism. Management and Entrepreneurship Studies, 4(1), 144-154. (In persian)
    15.
  15. Mohammadi, A., Roosta, M. 2013. Community-oriented development: a mechanism for organizing informal settlements. Haft Shahr Quarterly, 23, 88-105. (In Persian)
    16.
  16. Sarukhani, B., Amirshahi, M. 2015. Building power in the family and social participation. Women's Research, 4(3), 31-60. (In Persian)
    17.
  17. Bazarafshan, Sh., 2018. Sociological investigation of the relationship between lifestyle and social participation of elderly citizens of Gorgan city. Urban Sociological Studies, 7(25), 91-116. (In Persian)
    18.
  18. Sadeghi, A. R., & Shams, F. (2017). Role Analysis of the Sense of Security in Enhancement of the Citizens’ Social Participation Case Study: Shiraz, Iran. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran, 6(4), 91-104. (In Persian)
    19.
  19. Rafiean, M., Khodaee, Z., & Dadashpoor, H. (2014). Community Capacity Building as an Approach in Empowering Social Institutions. Sociology of Social Institutions, 1(2), 133-160. (In Persian)
    20.
  20. Ghaderzadeh, O., Yusufund, H. 2013. Measuring sociological factors effective in women's civic participation. Women in Development and Politics, 1(4), 101-126. (In Persian)
    21.
  21. Alipour, P., Zahedi, MJ., Shiani, M. 2009. Trust and participation (examination of the relationship between trust and social participation in the city of Tehran). Iranian Journal of Sociology, 10(2), 109-135. (In Persian)
    22.
  22. Nowrozi, F., Bakhtiari, M. 2018. Social participation and social factors affecting it. Strategy Quarterly, 18(54), 249-269. (In Persian)
    23.
  23. 23-Zahirinia, M., Benevolent, H. Falahi Shahabadi, A., Sadeghi, S., Azizzadeh, O. 2016. Social trust and its impact on social participation of Hormozgan University students. Cultural Research Journal, 6(11), 86-106. (In Persian)
    24.
  24. Ramsar Secretariat., 2010. The convention’s CEPA program 2010. http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-activities-cepa-convention-s-cepa/main/ramsar/1-63-69%5E7774_4000_0.
    25.
  25. Lamsal, P., Atreya, K., Pant, K.P. and Kumar, L., 2016, February. Tourism and wetland conservation: application of travel cost and willingness to pay an entry fee at Ghodaghodi Lake Complex, Nepal. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 40, No. 1-2, pp. 51-61). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    26.
  26. De Leeuw, A., Valois, P., Ajzen, I. and Schmidt, P., 2015. Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. Journal of environmental psychology, 42, pp.128-138.
    27.
  27. Ahmadian, D., Hachigitian, M. 2015. Sociological analysis of the role of cultural factors on the studied urban environmental behaviors (Citizens of Kermanshah. Urban Sociological Studies, 6(18), 51-76. (In Persian)
    28.
  28. Asadi, z., Mehrabi, M. 2018. Studying the Background and Social Factors Influencing the Environmental Behavior of Bandar Abbasi Residents. Cultural Research Journal, 10(15), 118-132. (In Persian)
    29.
  29. Hemayatkhah, M., Ershad, F., Danesh, P., Ghorbani, M. 1991. Analysis of environmental behaviors based on the TPB model. Social Development Quarterly, 11(3), 31-66. (In Persian)
    30.
  30. Kaiser, F. G., Wölfing, S. & Fuhrer, U., 1999. Environmental attitude and ecological behavior, Journal of environmental.
    31.
  31. Gendron, C., 2014. Beyond environmental and ecological economics: Proposal for an economic sociology of the environment. Ecological Economics, 105, pp.240-253.
    32.
  32. Salehi, S., 2008. A Study of Factors Underpinning Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors. University Of Leeds.
    33.
  33. Jiang, B., Wong, C.P., Chen, Y., Cui, L. and Ouyang, Z., 2015. Advancing wetland policies using ecosystem services–China’s way out. Wetlands, 35(5), pp.983-995.
    34.
  34. Mokhtari Malekabadi, R., Abdulahi, A., Sadeghi, H. 2014. Analysis and recognition of urban environmental behaviors (case study: Isfahan city, 2013). Journal of Urban Planning and Research, 5(18), 1-20. (In Persian)
    35.
  35. Lee, L.H., 2017. Perspectives on landscape aesthetics for the ecological conservation of wetlands. Wetlands, 37(2), pp.381-389.
    36.
  36. Do, Y., Kim, J.Y., Lineman, M., Kim, D.K. and Joo, G.J., 2015. Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands. Conservation Biology, 29(1), pp.271-279.
    37.
  37. Reed, M. S., A. C. Evely, G. Cundill, I. Fazey, J. Glass, A. Laing, J. Newig, B. Parrish, C. Prell, C. Raymond, and L. C. Stringer., 2010. What is social learning? Ecology and Society 15(4): r1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/resp1/.
    38.
  38. Wei, X., Guan, Z. and Zhu, H., 2016. Farmer's willingness to participate in wetland restoration: a hurdle model approach. Agricultural Economics, 47(6), pp.719-727.
    39.
  39. Gichuki, C.M., 2000. Community participation in the protection of Kenya's wetlands. Ostrich, 71(1-2), 122-125.
    40.
  40. Ghanbarzadeh, H., Behniafar, A. 2019. Evaluation of the strategic factors of the development of Bezengan Lake ecotourism with an emphasis on its ecological values. Natural Geography Quarterly, 4(14), 59-72. (In Persian)
    41.
  41. Gholami, A., Ejtihadi, H.. Ghasemzadeh, F., Farshi Al-Hosseini, J. 2015. Diversity of plant species around Daryajeh Bazagan protected area. Iranian Journal of Biology, 4. (In Persian)
    42.
  42. Hesselink, F., Goldstein, W., van Kempen, P.P., Garnett, T. and Dela, J., 2007. Communication, education and public awareness (CEPA). A toolkit for National Focal Points and NBSAP Coordinators, p.310.
    43.
  43. Terer, T. and Macharia, J., 2013. Home-grown Communication, Education, Public Participation and Awareness (CEPA) wetland tools: A new dawn for CEPA activities in Kenya.
    44.
  44. Long, P.T. and Nuckolls, J.S., 1994. Organising resources for rural tourism development: the importance of leadership, planning and technical assistance. Tourism Recreation Research, 19(2), pp.19-34.
    45.
  45. Cukier-Snow, J. and Wall, G., 1993. Tourism employment: perspectives from Bali. Tourism Management, 14(3), pp.195-201.
    46.
  46. Mirzaei, R. 2018. The impact of rural tourism development on employment in Oramanat region of Kermanshah. Village and Development, 2(4), 49-76. (In Persian)
    47.
  47. Lu, M. and Wang, N., 2015. A Study on Community Participation Mode into Luoshijiang Wetland Ecological Tourism in Dali. Asian Culture and History, 7(2), p.15.
    48.
  48. Lee, T.H. and Hsieh, H.P., 2016. Indicators of sustainable tourism: A case study from a Taiwan's wetland. Ecological Indicators, 67, pp.779-787.
    49.
  49. Rezvani, MR., Safai, J. 2014. Second home tourism and its effects on rural areas. Geographical Researches, 37(54), 109-121. (In Persian)
    50.
  50. Moradi, M., Khatami, S. 2013. Investigating the role of tourism in rural development using the SWOT model, case study: Khor village of Khosef city. Khorasan Social-Cultural Studies Quarterly, 26, 129-148. (In Persian)
    51.
  51. Baker, N.J., 2008. Sustainable wetland resource utilization of Sango Bay through eco-tourism development. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(10), pp.326-335.
    52.
  52. Beltrame, C., Cohen-Shacham, E., Trouillet, M. and Guillet, F., 2013. Exploring the links between local management and conservation applying the ecosystem services concept: conservation and tourism service in Camargue, France. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 9(2), pp.166-177.
    53.
  53. Bosma, C., Glenk, K. and Novo, P., 2017. How do individuals and groups perceive wetland functioning? Fuzzy cognitive mapping of wetland perceptions in Uganda. Land Use Policy, 60, pp.181-196.
    54.
  54. Dadashi, MA., Darjini, M. 2013. Evaluation of the role of rural development in increasing employment and entrepreneurship in rural areas of Gilan province. Cooperative and Village, 5(16, 17), 39-50. (In Persian)
    55.

 

 

_||_

  1. Ramírez, F. and Santana, J., 2019. Wetland Ecotourism. In Environmental Education and Ecotourism (pp. 51-56). Springer, Cham.
    2.
  2. McCartney, M.P., Rebelo, L.M. and Sellamuttu, S.S., 2015. Wetlands, livelihoods and human health. In Wetlands and human health (pp. 123-148). Springer, Dordrecht.
    3.
  3. Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G., 1993. Wetlands. 722p Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York.
    4.
  4. Ramsar, U.N.W.T.O., 2012. Destination wetlands: supporting sustainable tourism. In Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Gland, Switzerland, & World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Madrid, Spain.
    5.
  5. Montazerhojat, A., & Mansouri, B. 2016. Economic Valuation of Environmental benefits (A Case of Bamdezh Wetland). Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran, 5(18), 243-269. (In Persian)
    6.
  6. Amin Mansour, J. 2012. From Ramsar to Urmia: International Dimensions of Urmia Lake Crisis", Foreign Policy Quarterly, 27(2), 389-410. (In Persian)
    7.
  7. Fazli Varzaneh, M., Sedaghat, M. 2018. Talab Gavakhuni. Geography Education Development, 86: 13-17. (In Persian)
    8.
  8. Layeghi, S., Sarmi, S. 2014. Miqan Desert Wetland, investigating the effects of environmental threats on underground water resources. Geography Education Growth, 111: 18-22. (In Persian)
    9.
  9. Khorasani, N., Mansouri, J. 1985. Wetlands, their value and importance for humans. Journal of Environmental Studies, 13(13), 63-100. (In Persian)
    10.
  10. Behrozi-Rad, B. 2007. Wetlands of Iran. Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces Press. (In Persian)
    11.
  11. Bigler Fadafan, M., Danehkar, M., Alizadeh Shabani, A. 2015. Environment of Bazangan Wetland. Geography Education Growth, 30(1). (In Persian)
    12.
  12. Erfany, G., & Dizani, E. (2010). From the Words to Action, “Organization” In Urban Interventions. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 7(13), 49-60. (In Persian)
    13.
  13. Khani, A., Zamani, S. 2011. Preliminary survey of the breeding birds of Bazangan Wetland of Sarakhs. The 2nd Environmental Planning and Management Conference. (In Persian)
    14.
  14. Taleghani, M, Seliminia, E. 2017. Building the capacity of communities as a tool for sustainable development of tourism. Management and Entrepreneurship Studies, 4(1), 144-154. (In persian)
    15.
  15. Mohammadi, A., Roosta, M. 2013. Community-oriented development: a mechanism for organizing informal settlements. Haft Shahr Quarterly, 23, 88-105. (In Persian)
    16.
  16. Sarukhani, B., Amirshahi, M. 2015. Building power in the family and social participation. Women's Research, 4(3), 31-60. (In Persian)
    17.
  17. Bazarafshan, Sh., 2018. Sociological investigation of the relationship between lifestyle and social participation of elderly citizens of Gorgan city. Urban Sociological Studies, 7(25), 91-116. (In Persian)
    18.
  18. Sadeghi, A. R., & Shams, F. (2017). Role Analysis of the Sense of Security in Enhancement of the Citizens’ Social Participation Case Study: Shiraz, Iran. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran, 6(4), 91-104. (In Persian)
    19.
  19. Rafiean, M., Khodaee, Z., & Dadashpoor, H. (2014). Community Capacity Building as an Approach in Empowering Social Institutions. Sociology of Social Institutions, 1(2), 133-160. (In Persian)
    20.
  20. Ghaderzadeh, O., Yusufund, H. 2013. Measuring sociological factors effective in women's civic participation. Women in Development and Politics, 1(4), 101-126. (In Persian)
    21.
  21. Alipour, P., Zahedi, MJ., Shiani, M. 2009. Trust and participation (examination of the relationship between trust and social participation in the city of Tehran). Iranian Journal of Sociology, 10(2), 109-135. (In Persian)
    22.
  22. Nowrozi, F., Bakhtiari, M. 2018. Social participation and social factors affecting it. Strategy Quarterly, 18(54), 249-269. (In Persian)
    23.
  23. 23-Zahirinia, M., Benevolent, H. Falahi Shahabadi, A., Sadeghi, S., Azizzadeh, O. 2016. Social trust and its impact on social participation of Hormozgan University students. Cultural Research Journal, 6(11), 86-106. (In Persian)
    24.
  24. Ramsar Secretariat., 2010. The convention’s CEPA program 2010. http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-activities-cepa-convention-s-cepa/main/ramsar/1-63-69%5E7774_4000_0.
    25.
  25. Lamsal, P., Atreya, K., Pant, K.P. and Kumar, L., 2016, February. Tourism and wetland conservation: application of travel cost and willingness to pay an entry fee at Ghodaghodi Lake Complex, Nepal. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 40, No. 1-2, pp. 51-61). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    26.
  26. De Leeuw, A., Valois, P., Ajzen, I. and Schmidt, P., 2015. Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. Journal of environmental psychology, 42, pp.128-138.
    27.
  27. Ahmadian, D., Hachigitian, M. 2015. Sociological analysis of the role of cultural factors on the studied urban environmental behaviors (Citizens of Kermanshah. Urban Sociological Studies, 6(18), 51-76. (In Persian)
    28.
  28. Asadi, z., Mehrabi, M. 2018. Studying the Background and Social Factors Influencing the Environmental Behavior of Bandar Abbasi Residents. Cultural Research Journal, 10(15), 118-132. (In Persian)
    29.
  29. Hemayatkhah, M., Ershad, F., Danesh, P., Ghorbani, M. 1991. Analysis of environmental behaviors based on the TPB model. Social Development Quarterly, 11(3), 31-66. (In Persian)
    30.
  30. Kaiser, F. G., Wölfing, S. & Fuhrer, U., 1999. Environmental attitude and ecological behavior, Journal of environmental.
    31.
  31. Gendron, C., 2014. Beyond environmental and ecological economics: Proposal for an economic sociology of the environment. Ecological Economics, 105, pp.240-253.
    32.
  32. Salehi, S., 2008. A Study of Factors Underpinning Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors. University Of Leeds.
    33.
  33. Jiang, B., Wong, C.P., Chen, Y., Cui, L. and Ouyang, Z., 2015. Advancing wetland policies using ecosystem services–China’s way out. Wetlands, 35(5), pp.983-995.
    34.
  34. Mokhtari Malekabadi, R., Abdulahi, A., Sadeghi, H. 2014. Analysis and recognition of urban environmental behaviors (case study: Isfahan city, 2013). Journal of Urban Planning and Research, 5(18), 1-20. (In Persian)
    35.
  35. Lee, L.H., 2017. Perspectives on landscape aesthetics for the ecological conservation of wetlands. Wetlands, 37(2), pp.381-389.
    36.
  36. Do, Y., Kim, J.Y., Lineman, M., Kim, D.K. and Joo, G.J., 2015. Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands. Conservation Biology, 29(1), pp.271-279.
    37.
  37. Reed, M. S., A. C. Evely, G. Cundill, I. Fazey, J. Glass, A. Laing, J. Newig, B. Parrish, C. Prell, C. Raymond, and L. C. Stringer., 2010. What is social learning? Ecology and Society 15(4): r1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/resp1/.
    38.
  38. Wei, X., Guan, Z. and Zhu, H., 2016. Farmer's willingness to participate in wetland restoration: a hurdle model approach. Agricultural Economics, 47(6), pp.719-727.
    39.
  39. Gichuki, C.M., 2000. Community participation in the protection of Kenya's wetlands. Ostrich, 71(1-2), 122-125.
    40.
  40. Ghanbarzadeh, H., Behniafar, A. 2019. Evaluation of the strategic factors of the development of Bezengan Lake ecotourism with an emphasis on its ecological values. Natural Geography Quarterly, 4(14), 59-72. (In Persian)
    41.
  41. Gholami, A., Ejtihadi, H.. Ghasemzadeh, F., Farshi Al-Hosseini, J. 2015. Diversity of plant species around Daryajeh Bazagan protected area. Iranian Journal of Biology, 4. (In Persian)
    42.
  42. Hesselink, F., Goldstein, W., van Kempen, P.P., Garnett, T. and Dela, J., 2007. Communication, education and public awareness (CEPA). A toolkit for National Focal Points and NBSAP Coordinators, p.310.
    43.
  43. Terer, T. and Macharia, J., 2013. Home-grown Communication, Education, Public Participation and Awareness (CEPA) wetland tools: A new dawn for CEPA activities in Kenya.
    44.
  44. Long, P.T. and Nuckolls, J.S., 1994. Organising resources for rural tourism development: the importance of leadership, planning and technical assistance. Tourism Recreation Research, 19(2), pp.19-34.
    45.
  45. Cukier-Snow, J. and Wall, G., 1993. Tourism employment: perspectives from Bali. Tourism Management, 14(3), pp.195-201.
    46.
  46. Mirzaei, R. 2018. The impact of rural tourism development on employment in Oramanat region of Kermanshah. Village and Development, 2(4), 49-76. (In Persian)
    47.
  47. Lu, M. and Wang, N., 2015. A Study on Community Participation Mode into Luoshijiang Wetland Ecological Tourism in Dali. Asian Culture and History, 7(2), p.15.
    48.
  48. Lee, T.H. and Hsieh, H.P., 2016. Indicators of sustainable tourism: A case study from a Taiwan's wetland. Ecological Indicators, 67, pp.779-787.
    49.
  49. Rezvani, MR., Safai, J. 2014. Second home tourism and its effects on rural areas. Geographical Researches, 37(54), 109-121. (In Persian)
    50.
  50. Moradi, M., Khatami, S. 2013. Investigating the role of tourism in rural development using the SWOT model, case study: Khor village of Khosef city. Khorasan Social-Cultural Studies Quarterly, 26, 129-148. (In Persian)
    51.
  51. Baker, N.J., 2008. Sustainable wetland resource utilization of Sango Bay through eco-tourism development. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(10), pp.326-335.
    52.
  52. Beltrame, C., Cohen-Shacham, E., Trouillet, M. and Guillet, F., 2013. Exploring the links between local management and conservation applying the ecosystem services concept: conservation and tourism service in Camargue, France. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 9(2), pp.166-177.
    53.
  53. Bosma, C., Glenk, K. and Novo, P., 2017. How do individuals and groups perceive wetland functioning? Fuzzy cognitive mapping of wetland perceptions in Uganda. Land Use Policy, 60, pp.181-196.
    54.
  54. Dadashi, MA., Darjini, M. 2013. Evaluation of the role of rural development in increasing employment and entrepreneurship in rural areas of Gilan province. Cooperative and Village, 5(16, 17), 39-50. (In Persian)
    55.

 

 

مقالات مرتبط

حقوق این وب‌سایت متعلق به سامانه مدیریت نشریات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی است.
حق نشر © 1403-1400

صفحه اصلی| عضویت/ ورود| درباره سند| تماس با ما|
[English] [العربية] [en] [ar]