روش های تصفیه پساب عملیات استخراج و فراورش نفت خام به منظور جلوگیری از آلودگی آب
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی محیط زیست (آب و فاضلاب)
مریم رفعتی
1
(استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران،)
حمید فرشادفر
2
(دانشجوی دکتری آلودگی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ، تهران، ایران)
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/08/17
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/10/23
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/01/01
کلید واژه:
تصفیه,
پساب نفتی,
تصفیه زیستی. آلودگی آب,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: مدیریت محیط زیستی پساب عملیات استخراج و فراورش نفت خام به دلیل حجم و آلودگی قابل‌توجه آن، چالشی جدی در صنایع نفت بشمار می‌رود. تخلیه اینپساب ها به محیط پذیرنده یا استفاده مجدد و بازیابی آنها، مستلزم تامین استانداردهای محیط زیستی می باشد. بنابراین بررسی روش های مختلف تصفیه پساب ها از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار است.روش بررسی: در این پژوهش، فرایندهای مختلف تصفیه پساب تولید شده در واحدهای صنعت نفت شامل روش تصفیه مرحله اول، و مرحله دوم (روش های فیزیکی و شیمیایی ) و تصفیه مرحله سوم (روش زیستی) به صورت مروری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.یافته ها: روش تصفیه مرحله اول به عنوان پرکاربردترین روش تصفیه، برپایه اختلاف وزن آب، مواد نفتی و ماسه استوار است و بزرگترین عیب آن، عدم قابلیت جمع آوری ذرات روغن کوچکتر از ۱۵۰ میکرون است. روش تصفیه مرحله دوم شامل روش های رسوب گیری و شناور کردن به‌وسیله هوا است که بازده آنها برای آب هایی که آلودگی مواد نفتی زیاد دارند، تا 95 درصد خواهد بود و از جمله معایب این روش ها می توان به هزینه های بالای نگهداری و تامین موادشیمیایی آنها اشاره کرد. روش تصفیه مرحله سوم یا تکمیلی، روش زیستی است که بیشترین بازده را در تصفیه پساب های نفتی دارد. از جمله معایب روشهای زیستی می تواننیاز به تجهیزات برقی و مکانیکی نسبتاً زیاد ، بالا بودن هزینه ها به واسطه مصرف انرژی زیاد و مشکلات بهره برداری از قبیل ایجاد کف و بالا آمدن و حجیم شدن لجن را نام برد.بحث و نتیجه گیری: به صورت یک جمع بندی می توان اظهار داشت که ترکیب روش های مرحله دوم یا سوم با روش مرحله اول، به عنوان کارامدترین روش های تصفیه در عملیات استخراج و فراورش نفت خام معرفی می شوند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Due to its significant volume and pollution, the extracting and processing of wastewater from crude oil is a serious challenge in oil industries. The discharge of these wastewaters to the acceptor environment or to reuse them requires the provision of environmental standards. Therefore, the study of different wastewater refine methods is of great importance. Materials and Methods: In this study, the different processes of wastewater refinery produced in oil industry units included the first, second (physicochemical methods), and third stages of refinery methods (biological) were studied.Results: The first refinery stage is used as the most widely used method based on water weight dispute, oil, and sand, and its biggest drawback is the lack of gathering particles smaller than 150 microns. The second refinery stage included flocculation and air flotation methods and the efficiency of this method for water polluted by oil is 95%, and one of the most disadvantages of this method are high costs of chemical supplies and maintenance. The third refinery stage is the biological method which has the highest efficiency in wastewater refinery, and disadvantages of this method including high electrical and mechanical equipment, and also high costs due to high energy consumption.Discussion and Conclusions: The second and third refinery stages are expensive and one can be stated that the combination of the second or third method with the first stage is achieved as the most efficient method in extracting and processing of crude oil.
منابع و مأخذ:
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1- Wang, F., Ducharne, A., Cheruy, F., Lo, M. H., Grandpeix, J. Y. 2017. Impact of a shallow groundwater table on the global water cycle in the IPSL land–atmosphere coupled model, Climate Dynamics, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-3820-9.
2- Omidvar, K. 2015. Water resources of Iran, Firs edition, Yazd university press, 292 pages. (In Persian)
3- San, V., Spoann, V., Schmidt, J. 2018. Industrial pollution load assessment in Phnom Penh, Cambodia using an industrial pollution projection system, Science of the Total Environment, 615: 990-999.
4- Pakdel, P. M., Peighambardoust, S. J. 2018. A review on acrylic based hydrogels and their applications in wastewater treatment, Journal of environmental management, 217:123-143.
5- Ugya, A. Y., Imam, T. S., Ajibade, F. O. 2017. Remediation of refinery wastewater using electrocoagulation process, Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 10 (1): 57-61.
6- Bunting, S. W., Edwards, P. 2018. Global Prospects for Safe Wastewater Reuse Through Aquaculture in Wastewater Management Through Aquaculture (Springer, Singapore): pp. 55-72.
7- Ong, L. K., Nguyen, P. L. T., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., Ju, Y. H. 2017. Kinetic evaluation of simultaneous waste cooking oil hydrolysis and reactive liquid-liquid Cu extraction from synthetic Cu-containing wastewater: Effect of various co-contaminants, Separation and Purification Technology, 187: 184-192.
8- Ghasemipanah, K. 2014. A Study on Treatability of Desalter Unit Wastewater by Solar Still Method, Petroleum Research, 24(78): 84-91. (In Persian)
9- Amy, G., Ghaffour, N., Li, Z., Francis, L., Linares, R. V., Missimer, T., Lattemann, S. 2017. Membrane-based seawater desalination: Present and future prospects, Desalination, 401: 16-21.
10- Oller, I., Malato, S., Sánchez-Pérez, J. 2011. Combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination—a review, Science of the total environment, 409(20): 4141-4166.
11- Yu, L., Han, M., He, F. 2017. A review of treating oily wastewater. Arabian journal of chemistry, 10(2): 1913-1922.
12- Jafarinejad, S. 2017. Recent developments in the application of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology for the petroleum industry wastewater treatment. Chemistry International, 3(3): 342-350.
13- Bigham, J., Kosic, A., Arntsen, B., Penny, J., Katz, S. 2017. Upgrading Refinery Wastewater Treatment with MBR to New Discharge Standards at Marathon Petroleum’s Detroit Refinery, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 16: 231-242.
14- Poor Ebtehaj, M. 2011. Investigating different methods of separation and disposal of wastewater in desalination units from oil in Gachsaran oil field, Master's thesis in Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Ahvaz.87 pages. (In Persian)
15- Jinda, K., Keesoon, W., Dokmaingam, P. 2017. Possibility study for water reutilization of the biodiesel refinery in Thailand, The Journal of Industrial Technology, 13(1):72-82.
16- Liu, G., Zhang, F., Qu, Y., Liu, H., Zhao, L., Cui, M., Geng, D. 2017. Application of PAC and flocculants for improving settling of solid particles in oilfield wastewater with high salinity and Ca2, Water Science and Technology, 76(5-6):1399-1408.
17- Etchepare, R., Oliveira, H., Azevedo, A., Rubio, J. 2017. Separation of emulsified crude oil in saline water by dissolved air flotation with micro and Nano bubbles, Separation and Purification Technology, 186: 326-332.
18- Ghazanfari, D., Bastani, D., Mousavi, S. A. 2017. Preparation and characterization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) based membrane for wastewater treatment, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 16: 98-107.
19- Adham, S., Hussain, A., Minier-Matar, J., Janson, A., Sharma, R. 2018. Membrane applications and opportunities for water management in the oil & gas industry, Desalination, 440: 2-17.
20- Asadi, S. N. 2011. Investigating the treatment of waste water produced by gas and liquefied gas factory 900 Paznan 2, in order to prevent the pollution of the river and the possibility of reusing it to irrigate the green area of the factory, Master's thesis in Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Ahvaz.107 pages. (In Persian)
21- Nam, C., Li, H., Zhang, G., Lutz, L. R., Nazari, B., Colby, R. H., Chung, T. M. 2018. Practical Oil Spill Recovery by a Combination of Polyolefin Absorbent and Mechanical Skimmer, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(9):12036-12045.
22- Onishi, V. C., Fraga, E. S., Reyes-Labarta, J. A., Caballero, J. A. 2018. Desalination of shale gas wastewater: Thermal and membrane applications for zero-liquid discharge in Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Desalination Handbook, pp: 399-431.
23- An, C., Huang, G., Yao, Y., Zhao, S. 2017. Emerging usage of electrocoagulation technology for oil removal from wastewater: A review, Science of the Total Environment, 579: 537-556.
24- Guo, H., You, F., Yu, S., Li, L., Zhao, D. 2015. Mechanisms of chemical cleaning of ion exchange membranes: A case study of plant-scale electrodialysis for oily wastewater treatment, Journal of Membrane Science, 496: 310-317.
25- Binks, B. P., Whitby, C. P. 2003. Temperature-dependent stability of water-in-undecanol emulsions, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 224(1-3): 241-249.
