تاثیر مدیریت بهره برداری بر شاخص¬های کمی و کیفی خاک و پوشش گیاهی در ذخیره¬گاه بیوسفری میانکاله مازندران
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعی و جنگلداری و مراتع
1 - دانش آموخته دکتری علوم مرتع، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: تنوع و غنا, مازندران, مدیریت چرا, میانکاله.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: حذف چرای دام از مراتع و به عبارتی قرق مراتع؛ بهعنوان روشی برای احیای اکوسیستم های مرتع تخریب شده و نیز یک اقدام حیاتی برای بهبود ساختار و عملکرد اکوسیستم، از جمله عناصری مانند کربن خاک و مواد مغذی در نظر گرفته می‌شود. با این حال، اثربخشی آن در مراتع ییلاقی به خوبی شناخته نشده است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثرات قرق بر خصوصیات پوشش گیاهی و خاک در ذخیرهگاه بیوسفری میانکاله مازندران انجام شده است.
روش بررسی: به این منظور دو منطقه قرق و چرا شده انتخاب شد. نمونهبرداری پوشش گیاهی در پلاتهای یک متر مربعی با توجه به پوشش منطقه و خاک از عمق 30-0 سانتیمتر به روش سیستماتیک- تصادفی انجام گردید. سپس ویژگیهای پوشش گیاهی و خاک شامل کلاس خوشخوراکی، فرم زیستی، طول عمر، فرم رویشی، شاخصهای تنوع شانون واینر و سیمپسون، غنای گونه منهینیک و مارگالف، تعداد گونه و یکنواختی، همچنین درصد رس، سیلت، شن، ماده آلی، رطوبت، هدایت الکتریکی، وزن مخصوص ظاهری و اسیدیته خاک تعیین شد. بهمنظور مقایسه ویژگیهای مورد نظر از آزمونt مستقل استفاده گردید.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که اجرای عملیات قرق سبب تغییر در برخی ویژگیهای پوشش گیاهی و خاک در این مراتع شدهاست. بهطوری که درصد رس، رطوبت، ماده آلی خاک و شاخصهای تنوع شانون واینر و سیمپسون، غنای گونه منهینیک و مارگالف، بهطور معنیداری (p≤0.05) افزایش یافته است اما میانگین درصد سیلت، شن، وزن مخصوص ظاهری، اسیدیته و شاخص یکتواخی در منطقه چرا شده با منطقه قرق تفاوت معنیداری نشان نداده است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: بهطور کلی نتایج نشان داد، قرق موجب بهبود شاخصهای کمی و کیفی گیاهی و خاک در منطقه مورد مطالعه شدهاست و بهدلیل اثرات مثبت بر پایداری اکوسیستم مرتعی، توجه مدیران مرتع و اقدامات عملی در جهت کنترل شدت چرا را میطلبد.
Background and Objective: The removal of livestock grazing from rangelands, or in other words, enclosure of rangelands, is considered a method for restoring degraded rangeland ecosystems and is also a vital measure for improving ecosystem structure and function, including elements such as soil carbon and nutrients. However, its effectiveness in summer rangelands is not well known. This study aimed to investigate the effects of enclosure on vegetation and soil characteristics in the Miankaleh Biosphere Reserve of Mazandaran.
Material and Methodology: For this purpose, two fenced and grazed areas were selected. Vegetation sampling was carried out in one-square-meter plots from a depth of 0-30 cm using a systematic- random method, considering the area and soil cover. Then, vegetation and soil characteristics including palatability class, life form, lifespan, vegetative form, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson diversity indices, Manhinic and Margalef species richness, species number and uniformity, as well as the percentage of clay, silt, sand, organic matter, moisture, electrical conductivity, apparent specific gravity, and soil acidity were determined. Independent t-test was used to compare the desired characteristics.
Findings: The results showed that enclosure caused changes in some characteristics of vegetation and soil in these rangelands. So that the percentage of clay, moisture, soil organic matter, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson diversity indices, Manhinic and Margalef species richness increased significantly (p≤0.05), but the average percentage of silt, sand, apparent specific gravity, acidity and uniformity index in the grazed area did not differ significantly from the enclosure area.
Discussion and Conclusion: In general, the results showed that enclosure has improved the quantitative and qualitative indicators of plants and soil in the studied area and, due to its positive effects on the sustainability of the rangeland ecosystem, requires the attention of rangeland managers and practical measures to control grazing intensity.
1. Heidari Ghahfarrokhi, Z., Ebrahimi, A., Asgari Pordanjani, H., Asadi, E., Shirmardi, H, A. (2024). Effects of Livestock Grazing on Vegetation and Soil Properties in Rangelands: A Case Study of Farsan – Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari Province. Journal of Rangeland, 17(4): 529-549. (In Persian). DOR: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20080891.1402.17.4.3.8
2. Jafari, A. (2017). Change Detection of Plants Diversity and Community Composition Due to Grazing in Rangelands of Toof Sefid Watershed. Environmental Researches, 8(15), 131-142. (In Persian) DOR: 20.1001.1.20089597.1396.8.15.18.4
3. Maskooni, E.K., Adeli, B., and Amiri, I. (2020). Effect of Different Grazing Intensities on Diversity and Plants Cover Composition in Semi-Arid Grazing (Case study: Mohammad Abad, Jiroft). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(2): 287-297. (In Persian)
4. Teimoorzadeh, A., Ghorbani, A., and Kavianpoor, A.H. (2015). Study on the flora, life forms and chorology of the south eastern of Namin forests (Asi- Gheran, Fandoghloo, Hasani and Bobini), Ardabil province. Journal of Plant Research, 28(2): 264-275. (In Persian)
5. O’Connor, T, G., Martindale, G., Morris, C, D., Short, A., Witkowski, T, F., Scott-Shaw, R., (2011). Influence of grazing management on plant diversity of highland sourveld grassland, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 64(2), 196-207. DOI:10.2307/25835921
6. Wilcots, M, E., Schroeder, K, M., DeLancey, L, C., Kjaer, S, J., Hobbie, S, E., Seabloom, E, W., and Borer, E, T., (2022). Realistic rates of nitrogen addition increase carbon flux rates but do not change soil carbon stocks in a temperate grassland. Global change biology, 28(16): 4819-4831. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16272
7. Derner, J. D., Augustine, D. J., & Frank, D. A. (2019). Does grazing matter for soil organic carbon sequestration in the western North American Great Plains? Ecosystems, 22: 1088-1094.
8. Bi, X., Li, B., Fu, Q., Fan, Y., Ma, L., Yang, Z., Nan, B., Dai, X., & Zhang, X. (2018). Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia's arid regions, China. Science of the Total Environment, 630, 254-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.055
9. Wu, X., Wang, Y., & Sun, S. (2021). Long-term fencing decreases plant diversity and soil organic carbon concentration of the Zoige alpine meadows on the eastern Tibetan plateau. Plant and Soil, 458: 191-200.
10. Xie, M., Yuan, J., Liu, S., Xu, G., Lu, Y., Yan, L., and Li, G. (2024). Soil carbon and nitrogen pools and their storage characteristics under different vegetation restoration types on the Loess Plateau of Longzhong, China. Forests, 15(1): 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010173
11. Li, J., Wang, K., Shangguan, Z., and Deng, L. (2022). Coupling and decoupling of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stocks following grazing exclusion in temperate grasslands. Catena, 211: 106003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.106003
12. Abdalla, M., Hastings, A., Chadwick, D. R., Jones, D. L., Evans, C. D., Jones, M. B., Rees, R. M., and Smith, P, E, T, E. (2018). Critical review of the impacts of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon storage and other soil quality indicators in extensively managed grasslands. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 253, 62-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023
13. Samadi Khangah, S., Ghorbani, A., and Moameri, M. (2020). Investigating the role of Trifolium genus on structural and functional vegetation characteristics of Fandoghlou rangelands in Namin County. 8 (17) :237-262. URL: http://pec.gonbad.ac.ir/article-1-679-en.html
14. Su H., Liu W., Xu H., Wang Z., Zhang H., Hu H., Li Y. (2015). Long‐term livestock exclusion facilitates native woody plant encroachment in a sandy semiarid rangeland. Ecology and evolution, 5(12), 2445-2456.
15. Tulloch, A, I., Healy, A., Silcock, J., Wardle, G, M., Dickman, C, R., Frank, A, S, K., Abault, H., and Greenville, A. C. (2023). Long‐term livestock exclusion increases plant richness and reproductive capacity in arid woodlands. Ecological Applications, 33(8): e2909. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2909
16. Niknahad gharmakher, H., Jafari footami, I., and sheidai Karkaj, E. (2014). Effect of Enclosure Restoration Practices on Physical and Chemical Soil Properties in Arid Region of Maraveh Tapeh, Golestan Province. Applied Soil Research. 1(2): 114-124. (In Persian)
17. Heydari, G. A., and Saeidi Goraghani, H. R. (2014). Compare of Changes diversity and richnes of plant species and plant forms in three utilization sites (Case study: southern slopes of Damavand mountain Summer Rangeland). Journal of Range and Watershed Managment, 66(4): 535-547. (In Persian) doi: 10.22059/jrwm.2014.50029
18. Motamedi, J., and Sheidai Karkaj, E. (2014). Suitable Species Diversity Abundance Model in Three Grazing Intensities in Dizaj Batchi Rangelands of West Azerbaijan. Journal of Range and Watershed Managment, 67(1), 103-115. (In Persian). doi: 10.22059/jrwm.2014.50832
19. Nabasumba, D., Muzira, R., Natuha, S., Tugume, G., and Kirunda, H. (2021). Impact of tree canopies on selected soil chemical properties and pasture nutritive values in a semi-intensive grazing system in South-western Uganda. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 33(3): 32-40. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20210101218
20. Aghajantabar Ali, H., Mohseni Saravi, M., Chaichi, M, R., and Heidari, G., (2015). Grazing Pressure Effect on Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Vegetation Cover in Vaz Watershed, Mazandaran Province. Journal of Watershed Management Research. 6(11): 111-123. (In Persian) URL: http://jwmr.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-497-fa.html
21. Dhaou, S, O., Abdallah, F., Belgacem, A, O., and Chaieb, M. (2010). The protection effects on floristicdiversity in a North African pseudo-savanna. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(3): 1501-1510.
22. Habibian, M., and saleh pour, A. (2016). Impacts of grazing management on some soil characteristics physical and chemical in semi-steppe rangelands. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 23(2): 321-311. (In Persian). doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2016.107033
23. Jeddi, K., and Chaieb, M. (2010). Changes in soil properties and vegetation following livestock grazing exclusion in degraded arid environments of South Tunisia. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 205(3): 184-189.
24. Attaeian, B., Karami, F., Akhzari, D., Kiani, G. (2023). A Comparative Study of Vegetation Parameters, Soil Elements, and Organic Carbon Storage in Mountain Rangelands under Exclosure and Grazing Management: A Case Study in Asadabad, Hamadan. Journal of Rangeland, 17(2): 247-262. (In Persian) URL: http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1177-en.html
25. Khatibi, R., and Farahi, M. (2024). Study on the Impact of Exclosures on the Physicochemical Properties of Rangeland Soil (Case Study: Northern Golestan Province, Sufikam Rangelands). Environmental Sciences, 22(3): 483-494. doi: 10.48308/envs.2024.1360
26. Angassa, A., Oba, G. (2010). Effects of grazing pressure, age of enclosures and seasonality on bush cover dynamics and vegetation composition in southern Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(1): 111-120.
27. Zhou, Z, Y., Li, F, R., Chen, S, K., Zhang, H, R., and Li, G. (2011). Dynamics of vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation over 26 years under controlled grazing in a desert shrubland. Plant and soil, 341(1-2): 257-268.
28. Shi, X, M., Li, X, G., Li, C, T., Zhao, Y., Shang, Z, H., and Ma, Q. (2013). Grazing exclusion decreases soil organic C storage at an alpine grassland of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ecological Engineering, 57: 183-187.
29. Tagesson, T., Fensholt, R., Cropley, F., Guiro, I., Horion, S., Ehammer, A., and Ardö, J. (2015). Dynamics in carbon exchange fluxes for a grazed semi-arid savanna ecosystem in West Africa. Agriculture. Ecosystems & Environment, 205: 15-24.
30. Tamartash, R., Tatian, M, R., and Yousefian, M. (2012). The Ability of Different Vegetative Forms to Carbon Sequestration in Plain Rangeland of Miankaleh. Journal of Environmental Studies, 38(2): 45-54. doi: 10.22059/jes.2012.29099
31. Barbour, M. G., Burk, J. H. and Pitts, W. D., 1999. Terrestrial plant ecology, Benjamin, Cummings Publishing Company. Menlo Park, California, USA 634p.
32. Vafaie, SH. (2003). Mazandaran Cultural Heritage Profile. published by the Cultural Heritage Organization of the country. 246p. (In Persian).
33. Sowards, A. M. (2015). Rexford F. Daubenmire and the Ecology of Place: Applied Ecology in the Mid-Twentieth-Century American West. New perspectives on the history of life sciences and agriculture, 297-322.
34. Salarian, F., Ghorbani, J., and Safaeian, N, A., (2013). Vegetation changes under exclosure and livestock grazing in Chahar Bagh rangelands in Golestan province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 20(1): 115-129. (In Persian). doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2013.2987
35. Gebregergs, T., Tessema, Z, K., Solomon, N., and Birhane, E. (2019). Carbon sequestration and soil restoration potential of grazing lands under exclosure management in a semi‐arid environment of northern Ethiopia. Ecology and evolution, 9(11): 6468-6479.
36. jafari, Z., niknahad, H., and komaki, B. (2022). Comparing qualitative soil indicators under two range management scenarios (case study: Chut Rangelands in Gonbadekavoos). Desert Ecosystem Engineering, 3(4): 11-20. (In Persian)
37. Pei, S., Fu, H., and Wan, C. (2008). Changes in soil properties and vegetation following exclosure and grazing in degraded Alxa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 124(1): 33-39.