خوانشی از رابطه ساکن و مسکن بر اساس نظریه قابلیت محیط گیبسون در خانه‌های قاجاری شیراز
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسی محیطی در معماری و شهرسازی
فریبا فتحی
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ویدا تقوائی
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محمدابراهیم مظهری
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1 - گروه معماری، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.
2 - دانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده دکتر شریعتی و دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای ، تهران، ایران.
3 - گروه معماری، دانشکده عمران و معماری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
کلید واژه: مسکن سنتی ایرانی, ساکنان خانه های تاریخی, قابلیت محیط, ادراکات حسی و معنایی, خانه‌های قاجار شیراز.,
چکیده مقاله :
رابطه انسان و محیط، به‌ویژه در بستر مسکن، یکی از بنیادی‌ترین وجوه زندگی انسانی است که تأثیر عمیقی بر کیفیت زیست روزمره دارد. مسکن نه صرفاً یک پناهگاه فیزیکی، بلکه بستری پویا برای تعاملات عاطفی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی انسان با محیط پیرامون است.
این پژوهش با اتکا بر نظریه قابلیت محیط جیمز گیبسون، به واکاوی رابطه میان ساکن و مسکن در خانه‌های تاریخی دوره قاجاریه در شهر شیراز می‌پردازد. داده‌ها از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و انجام مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه‌ساختاریافته با افرادی که دارای تجربه زیسته در این خانه‌ها هستند گردآوری شده و مشارکت‌کنندگان به‌روش نمونه‌گیری گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شده‌اند. تحلیل داده‌ها نیز به شیوه کدگذاری سه‌مرحله‌ای (باز، محوری و انتخابی) صورت گرفته است.
یافته‌های پژوهش به ارائه مدلی مفهومی منجر شد که در آن، نیازها، انگیزش‌ها و فعالیت‌های ساکن در نقش عوامل درونی، و فضا، معنا و مکان در نقش مؤلفه‌های محیطی مسکن، در تعامل مستمر و سازنده با یکدیگر قرار دارند. بر اساس چارچوب نظری گیبسون، ادراکات حسی نقش واسطی کلیدی در این تعامل ایفا کرده و بستر شکل‌گیری رفتارهای انسانی در فضاهای معماری محسوب می‌شوند.
خانه‌های قاجاری شیراز، علاوه بر پاسخ‌گویی به نیازهای عملکردی، واجد معانی فرهنگی و تاریخی ژرفی هستند که در تجربه زیسته ساکنان متجلی می‌گردد. این رابطه چندلایه، نقشی تعیین‌کننده در تکوین رفتار و هویت فضایی افراد ایفا کرده و نشان می‌دهد که درک دقیق از قابلیت‌های محیطی می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز حفظ و ارتقای هویت کالبدی و معنایی این خانه‌ها باشد.
بنابراین، مدل مفهومی ارائه‌شده نه‌تنها چارچوبی نظری برای تحلیل رابطه ساکن و مسکن در بستر خانه‌های تاریخی است، بلکه می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهنمایی عملی برای طراحان و پژوهشگران معماری در جهت خلق محیط‌های پایدار، زمینه‌گرا و انسان‌محور در معماری معاصر به کار گرفته شود.
The relationship between humans and their environment—particularly within the context of housing—is a fundamental aspect of human life, deeply influencing the quality of everyday living. Housing is not merely a physical shelter but a dynamic setting for emotional, social, and cultural interactions between individuals and their surroundings.
This study aimed to investigate the reciprocal relationship between inhabitants and dwellings in the historical Qajar-era houses of Shiraz, drawing on James Gibson's theory of environmental affordances. Data were collected through library research and in-depth semi-structured interviews with individuals who had lived experiences in these houses. Participants were selected using snowball sampling, and data analysis was conducted through a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective).
The findings led to a conceptual model in which residents’ needs, motivations, and activities—as internal factors—were shown to interact continuously and constructively with spatial, semantic, and place-based elements of the residential environment. Within Gibson’s framework, sensory perception was identified as a crucial mediator in this process, shaping human behavior in architectural spaces. The Qajar houses of Shiraz, in addition to meeting functional needs, were found to embody profound cultural and historical meanings expressed through the lived experiences of their residents. This multilayered relationship was shown to contribute significantly to the formation of spatial behavior and identity, underscoring the importance of understanding environmental affordances to preserve and enhance both the physical and symbolic identity of these houses.
Overall, the proposed conceptual model can serve as a practical and theoretical guide for architects and researchers in designing sustainable, context-sensitive, and human-centered environments.
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