آسیب‌شناسی طرح های توسعه‌ی شهری بوشهر از منظر حق به شهر با تاکید بر ضوابط تفکیک اراضی مسکونی
محورهای موضوعی : کالبدی
غلامرضا مرادی
1
,
احمدرضا خواجه
2
,
پویا حاجی زاده
3
,
مهسا دهقانیان
4
1 - استادیار گروه مهندسی شهرسازی، دانشگاه سلمان فارسی، کازرون، ایران
2 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری /دانشگاه تربیت مدرس/تهران/ایران
3 - کارشناسی ارشد برنامه ریزی منطقه ای، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
4 - دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران
کلید واژه: طرح های شهری , طرح جامع و تفصیلی , نظریه حق به شهر لوفور , بوشهر,
چکیده مقاله :
طرح‌های شهری، ابزاری جهت حل مشکلات توسعه شهرنشینی می‌باشد که از برنامه چهارم عمرانی در دستور کار قرار گرفت و با گذشت چند دهه از اجرای این طرح‌ها در ایران، به دلیل کاستی‌ها، موفقیت در زمینه ساماندهی مشکلات شهری دارای ابهام است. شناخت سطحی از زمینه و عدم رعایت نظریه حق به شهر لوفور و بی‌توجهی به اثرات ضابطه‌ای نادرست بر فضای عمومی شهری از جمله معایب این طرح‌ها است. این پژوهش به تبیین رابطه‌ی آن‌ها با نظریه حق به شهر لوفور در شهر بوشهر پرداخته است. روش پژوهش، کاربردی است. شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات، بررسی اسناد کتابخانه‌ای و برداشت‌های میدانی است. شهر بوشهر مرکز استان بوشهر است که طبق سرشماری سال 1395، جمعیت این شهر 223 هزار نفر است و قلمروی جغرافیایی است. در پژوهش حاضر از طریق شبیه‌سازی ضوابط طرح تفصیلی شهر بوشهر، مؤلفه‌هایی همچون سیما و منظر شهری، توده گذاری و نحوه‌ی استقرار ابنیه، سبزینگی، محصوریت، پدافند غیرعامل و ایجاد ظرفیت تخلفات ساختمانی از منظر نظریه حق به شهر لوفور بررسی شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که ضوابط شهر بوشهر باعث ایجاد تعادل و انضباط فضایی و کالبدی نخواهد شد و با عدم مشارکت شهروندان در زمان تهیه طرح و بدون توجه به اثرات آن بر فضای عمومی در نقطه مقابل نظریه حق به شهر لوفور سیر می‌کند و مشکلاتی همچون کاهش سبزینگی محلات، محصوریت زیاد در کوچه‌های کم‌عرض، تأثیر بر جدایی گزینی و توده گذاری بی‌نظم و نامناسب، زمینه‌ساز تخلفات گسترده ساختمانی و بروز موانع در پدافند غیرعامل را در پی دارد.
Introduction: Due to the upward trend of urbanization, the preparation of urban plans with a technocratic approach, the lack of participation of citizens in the preparation of plans, encroachment on the public space of the city, new terms such as the right to the city were gradually formed; And the people came to the conclusion and belief that in addition to the right to participate in urban affairs and decision-making, they have the right to own and allocate and enjoy suitable urban spaces, especially public spaces, which means that in a completely equal and fair way, the right to use urban spaces, especially spaces They are public and urban plans should be designed in such a way that they are suitable for the use of all classes and social groups. According to this process, in order to realize the rights of the citizens, demands should be taken into account in order to allocate and create space in the city for all groups of people. The urban space, especially the public space of the city, belongs to everyone and requires a change of approach in creating equal opportunities for everyone to use the urban space, this is exactly what we have rarely witnessed in the implementation of urban plans and rarely in Iran In the process of preparing and implementing these plans, it has been noticed that this is one of the most basic and fundamental flaws in the preparation of urban plans.
Research aim: After stating the history, necessity, goals and characteristics of urban plans, especially the detailed and comprehensive plan, this research seeks to find out the effect of the rules and criteria of the detailed plan of Bushehr city on components such as appearance and urban landscape, enclosure, passive defense and the potential to create construction violations. From the point of view of the right to the city. Therefore, it should be seen, to what extent the rules of detailed plan of Bushehr city affect the urban rights of citizens, the right of possession and allocation in urban public spaces and the improvement of the quality of the city's public space? Are citizens willing to comply with these rules and regulations? Have unauthorized and unregulated constructions and construction violations caused the quality of public urban spaces to decrease from the point of view of the right to the city, and have the collective rights of all or at least most of the city's residents been respected according to the issues raised?
Methodology: The present research method is descriptive and analytical. The collection of information is also by library and field method; In the library method, using various sources, statistics and maps, and in the field method, it has been done from the main neighborhoods of Bushehr city, such as Sangi, Jafrah, Ben Mane, Ashuri neighborhoods, and since in this research, the rules and standards of the detailed plan of Bushehr city and in particular The rules and regulations of the separation of residential use from the perspective of the right to the city and the explanation of the relationship between the two are discussed, it is aligned with theoretical researches; And since the analyzes performed can be used by consulting engineering companies, urban planners and designers, and even the executive system of cities, it is practical.
Studied Areas: In the current research, Bushehr city, as one of the southwestern cities of Iran and the center of Bushehr province, which has a population of 223 thousand people according to the 2015 census, is considered as a geographical territory (Iran Statistics Center, 2015). Bushehr is one of the cities that have had previous comprehensive and detailed studies; The last detailed plan of Bushehr city, following the comprehensive plan of that year, was approved in 1368 solar year, and it is set as the benchmark for Bushehr's executive institutions and organizations; After the expiration of the mentioned plan, the last master plan of Bushehr port under the title of strategic-structural plan of Bushehr city, which was prepared by Shahr and Plan Consulting Engineers Company, was approved by the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran in 2012, whose horizon forecast is for the year 1400. considered (Shahr and Program, 1392:115).
Results: The lack of awareness of the citizens and residents of Bushehr neighborhoods about the right to the works proposed in Lefebvre's theory, which means the right to have information about what is going to be produced; It has caused such a chaotic situation. Therefore, the awareness of the citizens and residents of a city about what exists and is produced and what is going to be produced in the future will cause their cooperation in the formation of suitable public spaces. The presence of open public spaces in neighborhoods has been an important and influential factor in the presence of residents of a neighborhood in public arenas and their participation in creating local hangouts. He observed the public arenas and their participation in the construction of local hangouts and settlement of neighborhoods. The new regulations of Bushehr city have caused the lack of active presence of citizens in urban spaces and reduced the vitality of Bushehr neighborhoods. And finally, all these factors have caused what Lefebvre deals with in this theory, namely the participation of citizens in the production of urban spaces and the right of all classes and citizens to enjoy high-quality urban spaces, through the formation of such an enclosure.
Conclusion: In order to reduce the negative effects of urban plans and their rules and regulations on the structure of cities, the following suggestions have been presented: Avoiding the purely technocratic and positivist approach, while paying attention to the interests and needs of citizens, as well as a forward-looking view through the simulation of rules and regulations when preparing urban development plans, Paying attention to the existing context and identifying and correctly understanding the spatiality of cities in conducting climatic, economic, social and physical studies and compiling the rules and regulations of urban development plans, Coordinating the executive policies with the proposed policies of urban plans in the field of implementing the proposals, Creating a suitable context and platform for the participation of citizens in the preparation of urban development plans.
Alilou, Mehdi; Mirgholami, Morteza and Hashempour, Sima. (2018). Analyzing the impact of urban planning and architecture rules and regulations on the physical organization of the neighborhood. Danesh Shahrsazi Journal, 3(1): 71-83. (In Persian)
Aminzadeh, Behnaz and Rodaki, Somia. (2015). Presenting a unified method for evaluating detailed urban plans (case study: detailed plan of District 6 of Shiraz Municipality). City identity magazine, 29(11), 29-42. (In Persian)
Azad Fallah, Zohre; Duroodi, Iman; Derakhshan, Keyvan and Dabir, Mansoure. (2016). Examining comprehensive-detailed urban plans and city comprehensive plans with an emphasis on Iran. International Conference of New Horizons in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning and Cultural Management of Cities, Islamshahr, Iran. (In Persian)
Behnam Morshidi, Hassan; Quaid Rahmati, Safar; Ruknuddin Eftekhari, Abdul Reza and Meshkini, Abolfazl. (2022). The right to the city and the model of participatory planning (an analysis of the social production of urban spaces with an emphasis on large commercial complexes in the metropolis of Tehran). Geography and Development Quarterly, 20(66), 1_31. (In Persian)
Darkesh, Mohammad and Sterkey, Sara. (2020). Pathology of urban plans from the perspective of the right to the city (case example: Nawab's urban plan - metro expansion in Briyank neighborhood). Sociology of Culture and Art, 2(3): 21-25. (In Persian)
Dolatshah, Siddiqa; Sarwar, Rahim and Tavakolan, Ali. (2021). An analysis of livability indicators with the right to the city approach, case study: Bandar Mahshahr. Scientific and Research Quarterly of New Approaches in Human Geography, 13(3), 110-131. (In Persian)
Eshtiaghi, Masoumeh and Sharapour, Mahmoud. (2019). Investigating the concept of the right to the city in urban policymaking. Journal of Urban and Regional Sustainable Development Studies, 2(1), 65-82. (In Persian)
Etsamipour, Mohsen; Ardeshiri, Mahyar; Majdi, Hamid and Zarabadi, Zahra Sadat Saideh. (2020). Analyzing theories about urban standards and adaptability to the contemporary Iranian city. Danesh Shahrsazi Journal, 4(2), 1_17. (In Persian)
Fani, Zohra and Ahmadi, Leila. (2020). Women and the search for the right to the city in gendered sidewalks (case study: District 6 of Tehran Municipality). Journal of Social Development, 15(1), 100-71. (In Persian)
Fathi, Samia; AlalHesabi, Mehran and Behzadfar, Mustafa. (2016). The needs of urban planners to create social-physical cohesion in high-rise neighborhoods; Considering the development of the 22nd district of Tehran municipality as a suburban area. Urban Management Journal, 16(47), 219-254. (In Persian)
Freestone, R. (2015). Urban planning (Western), History of. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 862-868.
Habibi, Mohsen. (2018). From flux to the city (a historical analysis of the concept of the city and its physical appearance, thinking and impression). Tehran: University of Tehran Publishing Institute. (In Persian)
Habibnejad, Seyyed Ahmad and Khosravi, Ahmad. (2022). The right to the city and the possibility of recognizing it in Iran's legal system. Tehran University Public Law Studies Quarterly, 52(1), 163-183. (In Persian)
Hadi Zenor, Behrouz. (2015). Assessing the feasibility of urban plans in Tehran. Haft Shahr magazine, 4 (numbers 53 and 54), 8-35. (In Persian)
Harvey, Divid. (2008), “The Right to the City”, New Left Review, 53: 23-40.
Harvey, David. (2020). From right to city to rebel cities. Translated by Khosro Kalantari and Parviz Sedaghat. Sixth edition. Tehran: Aghaz Publishing. (In Persian)
Hasanpour, Mohammad and Bakhshandeh Nusrat, Abbas. (2016). Evaluation of the process of preparation of strategic structural plans for the 11th district of Tehran, with an emphasis on the area of the railway square and Valiasr intersection. Journal of New Perspectives in Human Geography, 13(36), 87-75. (In Persian)
Hatami, Reza and Pejman Ziyai, Naji. (2019). Explaining the concept of spatial confinement in architecture through interpreting the existing components of confinement in urban planning concepts. The fourth international conference on modern researches in civil engineering, architecture, urban management and environment, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian)
Jodaki, Hamidreza and Alijani, Reza. (2021). A study on the urban master plan in Iran with an approach to urban development plans. The fourth national conference and the first international conference on modern management and business models, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Kalantari, Abdul Hossein and Sedighi Kasmai, Mino. (2017). From demanding the right to the city to the formation of the urban revolution (Tehran, 1357). Journal of Urban Sociological Studies (Urban Studies), 7(23), 53-77. (In Persian).
Kapsali, M. (2023) Grassroots temporary urbanism as a challenge to the city of austerity? Lessons from a self-organised park in Thessaloniki, Greece. The Geographical Journal, 00, 1–12.
Khazaei, Mustafa; Abhari, Maryam and Mozafari, Mohsen. (2021). Conceptual analysis of the notion of the right to the city with an emphasis on the spatial developments of Tehran. Zagros Landscape Geography and Urban Planning Quarterly, 13(47), 118-99. (In Persian)
Khobiari, Hamed and Keshavarzi, Shima. (2021). The civil liability of the Detailed Planning Commission against damages caused by the implementation of its approvals. Specialized scientific quarterly of legal encyclopedias. 12(4), 48_68. (In Persian)
Mahdavian, Vahid and Mohammadi, Mahmoud. (2019). Evaluation of the effect of urban planning and construction rules and regulations on the realization of the height system (revision plan of the detailed plan of Chahar Isfahan region). Iranian Journal of Restoration and Architecture (repair of historical and cultural works and textures), 9(17), 75-90. (In Persian)
Mir Issaei, Masoumeh and Nouroozi, Akram. (2017). Investigating the causes of failure of comprehensive urban plans in Iran. The 5th scientific-research congress of new horizons in the field of civil engineering, architecture, culture and urban management, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Mirzaei, Mehdi and Hasani, Zainab. (2016). Non-active defense and architecture of high-rise residential complexes in new foundation cities. National conference on non-active defense and sustainable development, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Mohammadi, Maryam and Kazemi, Kiaresh. (2020). Rereading an urban plan using the concept of the right to the city - Arash Ajudaniye commercial complex in Tehran. Urban and Regional Development Planning Quarterly, 5(15), 117-89. (In Persian)
Mohammadian Garengah, Reza; Iqbali, Naser; Jodki, Hamidreza and Zaviar, Parvaneh. (2019). The role of rules and regulations on the process of urban landscape formation in the neighborhoods of District 8 of Tehran. Scientific and Research Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 12(4), 1-17. (In Persian)
Mohandesin Moshaver Shahr & Barname. (2013). Detailed plan of Bushehr city. General Administration of Roads and Urban Development of Bushehr Province. (In Persian)
Pourhossein Roshan, Hamid and Rafiyan, Mojtabi. (2018). Application of representative planning approach in urban plans of Iran, case study: urban land use adaptation plans. Journal of Physical Planning and Development, 3(1(9 consecutive)), 23-11. (In Persian)
Pourhossein Roshan, Hamid; Pourjafar, Mohammad Reza and Ali Akbari, Siddiqa. (2020). Explaining the challenges of realization of urban plans in Iran. Safeh magazine, 31(93), 111-128. (In Persian)
Pourmohammadi, Mohammadreza; Rustaei, Shahrivar and Khazranjad, Pasharan. (2019). Investigating the role of the right to the city on the sense of belonging among gender groups (case study: Urmia's public spaces). Urban Planning Geography Research, 7(1), 1_19. (In Persian)
Purcell, M. (2013). Possible Worlds: Henri Lefebvre and the Right to the City. JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, 36, 141-154.
Purcell, Mark (2014), Possible worlds: Henri Lefebvre and the right city, Journal of Urban Affairs 36.1: 141-145.
Qajar-Khosravi, Mohammad Mahdi and Haghighat Naini, Gholamreza. (2018). Concept design quality, evaluation methods and conceptual model of the quality of development and construction plans (comprehensive) in Iran. Architecture and Urbanism Journal, 11(23), 73-94. (In Persian)
Rob Shields (2013) Lefebvre and the Right to the Open City? Space and Culture 16(3) 345– 348 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1206331213491885 sac.sagepub.com.
Rocco, R. Royer, L. & Mariz Gonçalves, F. (2019). Characterization of Spatial Planning in Brazil: The Right to the City in Theory and Practice. Planning Practice and Research, 34(4: Practice Forum Special Theme), 419-437.
Rezaei, Mahmoud. (2018). Progress and trend of urban plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran (projects implemented in Tehran from 1360 to 1395). Urban and Regional Development Planning Quarterly, 3(4), 35-66. (In Persian)
Safari, Fatima; Hosseinzadeh Delir, Karim and Pourmohammadi, Mohammadreza. (2020). Feasibility of preparing urban fluid plans in metropolitan planning (case study: Tabriz metropolis). Journal of Environmental Studies, 13(49), 108-85. (In Persian)
Salehi, Ismail. (2020). Green book 1400 (guidelines for municipalities). Volume 5. Tehran: Publications of the Organization of Municipalities and Villages of the country. (In Persian)
Salki, Mehrdad. (2015). Defining urban development plans with a methodology review approach. The second international conference on architecture, construction and urban planning at the beginning of the third millennium, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Sanai, Majid; Vafadar Suraki, Reza and Atefi, Ketayoun. (2022). Measuring the spatial differences of the realization of the right to participate and assigning the city to oneself in the light of the idea of the right to the city in the city of Hachiroud - Chalus city. Urban Environment Planning and Development Journal, 2(5), 45-60. (In Persian)
Shahriari, Mohammadreza; Barfipour, Maryam and Bahrami, Mahshid. (2021). Measuring and evaluating the feasibility of the comprehensive urban plan of Safashehr. Journal of Geography and Human Relations, 3(4), 121-141. (In Persian)
Statistical Center of Iran. (2015). The population of the country's cities by gender and age groups. Tehran: Iran Statistics Center. (In Persian)
Sultan Ahmadi, Elnaz; Aftab, Ahmed and Ismailzadeh, Vahid. (2017). The impact of city regulations and laws on the indicators affecting the image and urban landscape of Urmia. Geography, Civil and Urban Management Studies Quarterly, 3(1), 1-15. (In Persian)
Tina Kempin Reuter (2019): Human rights and the city: Including marginalized communities in urban development and smart cities, Journal of Human Rights.
Zare Shahabadi, Akbar and Gholami, Maitham. (2019). The relationship between the right to the city and the sense of belonging among the citizens of Yazd over the age of 18. National Studies Quarterly, 20(2), 109-95. (In Persian)