مقایسه اثربخشی طرحواره درمانی با درمان روان‌پویشی کوتاه مدت بر خودارزشمندی و نگرش‌های اجتماعی فرهنگی به ظاهر زنان متقاضی جراحی زیبایی
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسیارسلان رهنمایی 1 * , محمد مشکانی 2
1 - (نویسنده مسئول)، کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بندرگز، ایران arsalanrahnanaee@gmail.com tell: 09112076091
2 - مدرس دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی گرگان
کلید واژه: جراحی زیبایی, خودارزشمندی, درمان روان‌پویشی کوتاه مدت, طرحواره درمانی, نگرش‌های اجتماعی فرهنگی به ظاهر,
چکیده مقاله :
چکیده مقدمه: امروزه جراحی‌های زیبایی به عنوان یکی از دغدغه‌های انسان در میان جامعه ایرانی، یک ارزش تلقی می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی مقایسهای اثربخشی طرحواره درمانی با درمان روان‌پویشی کوتاه مدت بر خودارزشمندی و نگرش‌های اجتماعی فرهنگی به ظاهر زنان متقاضی جراحی زیبایی انجام شد. روش پژوهش: این پژوهش از جمله مطالعات نیمه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون_پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه بود. جامعه آماری کلیه زنان متقاضی جراحی‌های زیبایی مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک‌های جراحی زیبایی شهر گرگان در سال 1402 بودند که تعداد 45 نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه طرحواره‌درمانی (15 نفر)، درمان روان‌پویشی کوتاه مدت (15 نفر) و گروه گواه (15 نفر) قرار گرفتند. ابزارهای پژوهش پرسشنامه‌های خودارزشمندی کروکر و همکاران و نگرش‌های اجتماعی فرهنگی به ظاهر تامپسون و همکاران بود. داده‌های پژوهش با آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیری و استفاده از نرم افزار spss نسخه 26 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که روان‌پویشی کوتاه مدت نسبت به گروه گواه، به طور معنی‌داری افزایش قابل توجهی را در خود ارزشمندی و کاهش در نگرش‌های اجتماعی فرهنگی به ظاهر دارای می باشند (05/0>P). همچنین در افزایش خود ارزشمندی، روان‌پویشی کوتاه مدت اثربخشی بیشتر داشته و در کاهش نگرش‌های اجتماعی فرهنگی به ظاهر، طرحواره درمانی اثربخش‌تر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌ها می‌توان گفت که درمان روان‌پویشی کوتاه مدت با اصلاح نگرش نسبت به خود و بازنگری در ارزش‌ها و اهداف زندگی موجب افزایش خود ارزشمندی شده و شناسایی طرحواره‌ها و کمک کردن به افراد برای ابراز و بیان هیجانات و احساسات منفی سرکوب شده سبب بهبود پردازش شناختی و کاهش اجتماعی فرهنگی منفی به ظاهر می‌شود.
Abstract Introduction: Today, cosmetic surgeries are considered as one of the human concerns among the Iranian society, a value. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy with short-term psychodynamic therapy on self-esteem and socio-cultural attitudes towards the appearance of women applying for cosmetic surgery. Research method: This research was one of the Semi-experimental studies with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was all the women applying for cosmetic surgeries who referred to cosmetic surgery clinics in Gorgan city in 2023, 45 of whom were randomly selected in three groups of schema therapy (15 people), short-term psychodynamic therapy (15 people) and group They were witnesses (15 people). The research tools were Crocker et al.'s self-esteem questionnaires and Thompson et al.'s socio-cultural attitudes. Research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and using spss software version 26. Findings: The findings indicate that short-term psychodynamics has a significant increase in self-esteem and a decrease in socio-cultural attitudes compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, short-term psychodynamics was more effective in increasing self-esteem, and schema therapy was more effective in reducing social and cultural attitudes. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be said that short-term psychodynamic therapy by correcting the attitude towards oneself and revising the values and goals of life has increased self-worth, and identifying schemas and helping people to express suppressed negative emotions and feelings has improved processing. Cognitive and negative socio-cultural decline appears.
References
1. Maffakheri A, Ashrafi Fard, S, & Khorrami M. A structural model of the relationship between body image concern and obsessive beliefs with body management in people applying for cosmetic surgery. Health Psychology, 2021; 10(38): 121-140. [Persian] doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2021.55499.4964
2. Rehman U, Perwaiz I, Sarwar M, & Brennan P. Mental health screening in facial cosmetic surgery: a narrative review of the literature. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2023; 61(7): 455-463. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2023.05.003
3. McMahon M, Gressmann K, & Smith M. An Objective Analysis of Quality and Readability of Online Information for Patients seeking Cosmetic Surgery Abroad. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 2023; 81(6): 88-90. doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2023.04.051
4. Gholam Mohammadi H, Mohammadzadeh M, & Talebian Sharif J. Predicting the degree of tendency towards cosmetic surgery based on body image, anxiety and irrational beliefs. Family and Health, 2022; 12(2): 66-75. [Persian] 20.1001.1.23223065.1401.12.2.5.7
5. Pour Kaveh Dehkordi E, Khan Mohammadi Ataqsara A, & Abbasi Esfajir A. Meta-analysis of Iranian women's tendency towards cosmetic surgery. Health Psychology, 2020; 9(34): 7-24. [Persian] doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2020.44278.4266
6. Fields L, Brown C, Skelton J, Cain K, & Cohen G. Internalized weight bias, teasing, and self-esteem in children with overweight or obesity. Childhood Obesity, 2021; 17(1): 43-50. DOI: 10.1089/chi.2020.0150
7. Ishizu K, Ohtsuki T, & Shimoda Y. Contingent self-worth and depression in early adolescents: The role of psychological inflexibility as a mediator. Acta Psychologica, 2022; 230(11), 374-383. doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103744
8. Morbée S, Haerens L, Soenens B, Loeys T, Clerck T, Waterschoot J, & Vansteenkiste M. Predictors and outcomes of sports coaches’ athlete-invested contingent self-worth. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2023; 69(12): 247-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102478
9. Shakeri Nasab M, Bahrami Nasab N, Darodi R, & Rostami T. The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on self-worth and lifestyle self-efficacy of overweight students. Developmental Psychology, 2022; 11(9): 210-199. [Persian] 20.1001.1.2383353.1401.11.9.10.3
10. Valois D, Davis C, Buchholz A, Obeid N, Henderson K, Flament M. & Goldfield, G. Effects of weight teasing and gender on body esteem in youth: Body Shape Questionnaire 8C in Women with Eating Disorders. Psychiatry and clinical psychology, 2019; 23(4): 480- 493. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.009
11. Ma J, Wang K, & Thompson K. Translation and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4) in college students. Body Image, 2023; 45(6): 172-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.011
12. Sahlan R, Akoury L, & Taravatrooy F. Validation of a Farsi version of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (F-SATAQ-4) in Iranian men and women. Eating Behaviors, 2020; 39(11): 143-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101438
13. Kazemi Z, Aghamohammadi S, & Khanzadeh M. Structural model of symptoms of eating disorders in women based on internalization of media patterns, beliefs about eating and concern about body deformity. Clinical Psychology Studies, 2022; 12(46): 66-92. [Persian] doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2022.62337.2607
14. Heider N, Spruyt A, & De & Houwer J. Body dissatisfaction revisited: On the importance of implicit beliefs about actual and ideal body image. Psychologica Belgica, 2018; 57(4): 158.doi: 10.5334/pb.362
15. Hashemian M, Aflak Sir A, Guderzi M, & Rahimi C. The relationship between attachment style and body image attitude in high school female students: the mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance. Cognitive and behavioral science research, 2021; 11(2): 1-26. [Persian] 10.22108/CBS.2022.131524.1598
16. Omar A, Eid M, Ali R, El Missiry M, Gawad A, & El Ghoneimy S. Psychiatric morbidity among Egyptian patients seeking rhinoplasty. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2019; 26(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.1186/s43045-019-0008-5
17. Tavakoli Z, Kadampour E, Bagheri N, & Tannah Z. Comparing the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy and schema therapy on cognitive flexibility and physical self-respect in women applying for cosmetic surgery. Journal of Psychological Sciences, 2022; 21(115): 1462-1443. [Persian] 20.1001.1.17357462.1401.21.115.2.2
18. Kang N, & Kwack Y. An Update on Mental Health Problems and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Pediatric Obesity. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition, 2020; 23(1): 15-25. doi: 10.5223/pghn.2020.23.1.15
19. Aghili M, Asghari A, Karimian N, & Namazi M. The effectiveness of schema therapy on increasing self-efficacy and life expectancy of divorced women and its effect on reducing the initial maladaptive patterns of their female children. Journal of Women's Interdisciplinary Research, 2022; 3(2): 7-19. [Persian] https://civilica.com/doc/1553694
20. Rabei M, Mashaikh M, Hatami M, Zam F, & Shabani S. Comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and therapy based on self-compassion on feelings of loneliness, negative body image and sensitivity to rejection in women applying for cosmetic surgery. Journal of Disability Studies, 2023; 13(1): 53-53. [Persian] http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-2962-fa.html
21. Nourizadeh Mirabadi M, Hosseinzadeh Taqvai M, Molodi R, Sodagar S, & Bahrami Hidji M. The effectiveness of schema therapy on coping styles and body image concerns in obese individuals with binge eating disorder: a single subject study. Journal of Psychological Sciences, 2022; 21(120): 2518-2511. [Persian] 10.52547/JPS.21.120.2501
22. Bidari F, Amir Fakhraei A, Zarei I, & Karamati K. The effectiveness of schema therapy on perfectionism and dysfunctional attitudes of women with marital conflict with primary incompatible schemas. Cognitive Analytical Psychology Quarterly, 2022; 13(49): 19-32. [Persian] https://journals.iau.ir/article_693920.html
23. Mustafa M, Sadaqat M, Makund Hosseini S, & Seyed Ali Naghi A. The effectiveness of schema therapy on self-concept and social health of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Journal of Disability Studies, 2022; 12(1): 116-116. [Persian] http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-2361-fa.html
24. Khodabandeh S, Najafi M, & Rahimian Bogar I. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based schema therapy on the self-esteem of people with narcissistic personality disorder: a single case study. Clinical Psychology Studies, 2018; 8(30): 65-101. [Persian] doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2018.8579
25. Shiri T, Gol Mohammadian M, & Hojat Khah M. The effectiveness of schema therapy on dysfunctional attitudes towards choosing a spouse in female students. Culture of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2016; 7(27): 171-188. [Persian] doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2016.6737
26. Kreuter E, & Moltner K. Treatment and management of maladaptive schemas. New York: Springer international publishing. 2021.
27. Rafaeli E. Schema therapy. In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 4559-4564). Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2020.
28. Khasho D, Van Alphen S, Heijnen-Kohl S, Ouwens M, Arntz A, & Videler A. The effectiveness of individual schema therapy in older adults with borderline personality disorder: Protocol of a multiple-baseline study. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 2019; 14(1): 321-330. DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100330
29. Caldiroli A, Capuzzi E, Riva I, Russo S, Clerici M, Roustayan C, Abbass A, & Buoli M. Efficacy of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy in mood disorders: A critical review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020; 1(1): 375-379. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.002
30. Russell L, Abbass A, & Allder S. A review of the treatment of functional neurological disorder with intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Epilepsy Behav, 2022; 2(1): 130-139. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108657
31. Ranjbar Bahadori S, Tekloi S, & Kazemi R. The effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic therapy on emotional expression and differentiation of betrayed women. Development of Psychology, 2022; 11(1): 113-124. [Persian] 20.1001.1.2383353.1401.11.1.11.8
32. Jafari S, & Johari Fard R. The effectiveness of intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy on dyslexia, defensive styles and assertiveness in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a quasi-experimental study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 2023; 22(3): 243-258. [Persian] 20.1001.1.17353165.1402.22.3.4.2
33. Orvati Aziz M. The effectiveness of the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and short-term psychodynamic therapy on increasing my strength and reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Quarterly Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 2021; 12(3): 353-369. [Persian] 10.22059/JAPR.2021.311846.643666
34. Salehian N, & Moradi F. The effect of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) on the social adjustment of patients with histrionic personality disorder (HPD). New Ideas of Psychology Quarterly, 2022; 15(19): 1-15. [Persian] http://jnip.ir/article-1-854-fa.html
35. Mahbodi K, Mohammadi N, Rahimi C, & Sarfazar M. The effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on self-esteem, emotion regulation and defense mechanisms in men with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychological Sciences, 2022; 21(111): 474-461. [Persian] 20.1001.1.17357462.1401.21.111.3.5
36. Hashemian Rizi M, Rezaei A, & Yazidi F. The effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic therapy based on neutralizing the main defenses on reducing physical deformity symptoms, the first national conference on living with quality from the perspective of psychology, counseling and social work, Khomeini Shahr. 2023. [Persian] https://civilica.com/doc/1689744
37. Rashidi A, Quaidi O, & Karmi J. The effectiveness of short-term group psychodynamics on the self-esteem of people with social anxiety. Development of Psychology, 2016; 5(3): 67-88. [Persian] 20.1001.1.2383353.1395.5.3.2.1
38. Rocco D, Vincenzo C, Vito A, Francesca B, Luce M, Silvia M, Giovanna P, & Allan A. Intensive shortterm dynamic psychotherapy provided by novice psychotherapists: effects on symptomatology and psychological structure in patients with anxiety disorders. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 2021; 21(4): 110-119. DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.503
39. Schweitzer R, Sia B, & Arthey S. Mechanisms of Change in Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Systematized Review. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 2020; 73(3): 145-152. DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20190025
40. Crocker J, Luhtanen R, Cooper M, & Bouvrette S. Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003; 85(5), 894-908. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894
41. Zaki M. Testing and validation of self-esteem questionnaire among female and male high school students in Isfahan city. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 2012; 2(7): 21-45. [Persian] 20.1001.1.22285516.1391.2.7.5.2
42. Zare F, Manshai G, & Arai N. The effectiveness of psychological empowerment training on self-worth and psychological capital of women heads of households. Quarterly Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 2023; 14(1): 195-210. [Persian] 10.22059/JAPR.2023.328890.643947
43. Thompson J, Van Den Berg P, Roehrig M, Guarda A, & Heinberg L. The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale‐3 (SATAQ‐3): Development and validation. International journal of eating disorders, 2004; 35(3): 293-304. DOI: 10.1002/eat.10257
44. Mohammad Panahardan E, Babapourkhairuddin J, & Yousefi R. Determining the validity of the Persian version of the questionnaire of cultural-social attitudes about body appearance using factor analysis. Skin and Beauty, 2014; 5(1): 22-32. [Persian] http://jdc.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5061-fa.html
45. Young J, & Behary W. Schema-focused therapy for personality disorders. Translated by Ali Sahibi, Hassan Hamidpour. Tehran: Honorable, 2016. [Persian]
46. Dovanlo H. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Translated by Khalili Sigaroudi, A. (2018). Tehran: Honorable. [Persian]
47. Pitron V, Alsmith A, & Vignemont F. How do the body schema and the body image interact? Consciousness and cognition, 2018; 65(1): 352-358. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.08.007