Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and the Internet of Things in the Age of Machine Learning: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Subject Areas : Electrical Engineering
1 - Department of Electrical Engineering,University of Guilan,Rasht,guilan,Iran
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Blockchain, Internet of Things, Data Security, Smart City,
Abstract :
The convergence of emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) has increasingly become a driving force behind technological advancements. This convergence facilitates the development of intelligent and autonomous systems across various domains such as supply chain management, smart cities, digital healthcare, and logistics, directly enhancing efficiency, decision-making, and system security. AI and ML, by analyzing big data and creating predictive algorithms, offer new capabilities for process optimization. On the other hand, IoT, by connecting devices and providing accurate, real-time data, enables fast and informed decision-making, while Blockchain offers enhanced security and transparency for data management and recording.
Despite the significant opportunities these technologies provide, challenges such as Blockchain scalability, IoT computational constraints, data privacy concerns, and the lack of standardized protocols for implementation remain prevalent. This paper comprehensively explores these opportunities and challenges, evaluating the latest research findings and offering solutions for overcoming barriers to successful implementation across various industries. Additionally, a roadmap for future research in this field is presented, emphasizing the need for the development of international standards to facilitate global collaboration and coordination.
References:
[1] El Hailouch, H., Saati, H., Nhaila, H., El Khaili, M., & Chakir, H. E. (2025, May). Study of the Roles of IoT in the Transformation of Supplier Relationships in Industry 4.0. In 2025 5th International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET) (pp. 1-7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRASET64571.2025.11008138
[2] Raja, G. B. (2021). Impact of internet of things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology in Industry 4.0. In Internet of things, artificial intelligence and blockchain technology (pp. 157-178). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74150-1_8
[3] Lu, Y. (2025). The current status and developing trends of industry 4.0: A review. Information Systems Frontiers, 27(1), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10221-w
[4] Singh, A., Kumar, N., Singh Kaswan, M., Kumar, V., & Chaudhary, R. (2025). Industry 4.0 technologies and healthcare: a review of the current landscape and future prospects. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIEOM-01-2025-0001
[5] Idrissi, Z. K., Lachgar, M., & Hrimech, H. (2024). Blockchain, IoT and AI in logistics and transportation: A systematic review. Transport Economics and Management, 2, 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.team.2024.09.002
[6] Visvizi, A., Malik, R., Guazzo, G. M., & Çekani, V. (2025). The Industry 5.0 (I50) paradigm, blockchain-based applications and the smart city. European Journal of Innovation Management, 28(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-09-2023-0826
[7] Adamashvili, N., Zhizhilashvili, N., & Tricase, C. (2024). The integration of the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology for advancing the wine supply chain. Computers, 13(3), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13030072
[8] Balani, Z., & Mohammed, M. S. (2025, May). The Convergence of AI and Blockchain Technologies: A Review on Enhancing IoT Security. In 2025 5th International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET) (pp. 1-7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRASET64571.2025.11008214
[9] Kumar, A., Mangla, S. K., & Kumar, P. (2024). Barriers for adoption of Industry 4.0 in sustainable food supply chain: a circular economy perspective. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 73(2), 385-411. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-12-2020-0695
[10] Alanhdi, A., & Toka, L. (2024). A survey on integrating edge computing with ai and blockchain in maritime domain, aerial systems, iot, and industry 4.0. Ieee Access, 12, 28684-28709. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3367118
[11] Kuznetsov, O., Sernani, P., Romeo, L., Frontoni, E., & Mancini, A. (2024). On the integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology: a perspective about security. IEEE Access, 12, 3881-3897. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3349019
[12] Pant, R., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Akram, S. V., Gupta, L. R., & Thakur, A. K. (2024). A systematic review of additive manufacturing solutions using machine learning, internet of things, big data, digital twins and blockchain technologies: a technological perspective towards sustainability. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 31(8), 4601-4616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-024-10116-4
[13] Choi, N., & Kim, H. (2024). Technological Convergence of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence: A Review and Challenges. Electronics, 14(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010084
[14] Vijaykumar, V., Mercy, P., Lucia Agnes Beena, T., Leena, H. M., & Savarimuthu, C. (2024). Convergence of IoT, artificial intelligence and blockchain approaches for supply chain management. In Blockchain, IoT, and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management: Apply Emerging Technologies to Address and Improve Supply Chain Management (pp. 45-89). Berkeley, CA: Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0315-4_2
[15] Zhang, W., Gu, X., Tang, L., Yin, Y., Liu, D., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Application of machine learning, deep learning and optimization algorithms in geoengineering and geoscience: Comprehensive review and future challenge. Gondwana Research, 109, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.03.015
[16] Chakraborty, C. (Ed.). (2022). Digital Health Transformation with Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003247128
[17] Alsharif, M. H., Kelechi, A. H., Yahya, K., & Chaudhry, S. A. (2020). Machine learning algorithms for smart data analysis in internet of things environment: taxonomies and research trends. Symmetry, 12(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010088
[18] Wadhwa, S., & Gupta, D. (2024). Blockchain Revolution: Using Distributed Ledger Technology to Transform Healthcare in WSN-IoT Environment. In Emerging Technologies and the Application of WSN and IoT (pp. 112-128). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com
[19] Alahi, M. E. E., Sukkuea, A., Tina, F. W., Nag, A., Kurdthongmee, W., Suwannarat, K., & Mukhopadhyay, S. C. (2023). Integration of IoT-enabled technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) for smart city scenario: recent advancements and future trends. Sensors, 23(11), 5206. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115206
[20] Sodhro, A. H., Pirbhulal, S., Luo, Z., & De Albuquerque, V. H. C. (2019). Towards an optimal resource management for IoT based Green and sustainable smart cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 1167-1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.188
[21] Ahmed, S. (2025). Enhancing Data Security and Transparency: The Role of Blockchain in Decentralized Systems. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 11(1), 593258. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaems
[22] Aravinth, S. S. Unleashing the Power of Data and Security by Integrating Deep Learning and Blockchain in Smart City Infrastructure Development–A Future Perspective. In Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology for Smart and Sustainable Cities (pp. 20-42). Auerbach Publications. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003476047
[23] Potdar, P. R., & Parikh, S. M. (2025). Internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) enabled framework for smart fleet management. OPSEARCH, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12597-025-00961-7
[24] Qaddoura, R., Younes, M. B., & Boukerche, A. (2024). Towards optimal tuned machine learning techniques based vehicular traffic prediction for real roads scenarios. Ad Hoc Networks, 161, 103508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103508
[25] Hira, S., & Hira, S. (2024). Smart energy management using vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-everything. In Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Modern Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid Systems (pp. 253-290). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23814-7.00010-9
[26] Astarita, V., Giofrè, V. P., Mirabelli, G., & Solina, V. (2019). A review of blockchain-based systems in transportation. Information, 11(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11010021
[27] Khan, D., Jung, L. T., & Hashmani, M. A. (2021). Systematic literature review of challenges in blockchain scalability. Applied Sciences, 11(20), 9372. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209372
[28] Merenda, M., Porcaro, C., & Iero, D. (2020). Edge machine learning for ai-enabled iot devices: A review. Sensors, 20(9), 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092533
[29] Layode, O., Naiho, H. N. N., Adeleke, G. S., Udeh, E. O., & Labake, T. T. (2024). Data privacy and security challenges in environmental research: Approaches to safeguarding sensitive information. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 6(6), 1193-1214. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v6i6.1210
[30] Alotaibi, B. (2019). Utilizing blockchain to overcome cyber security concerns in the internet of things: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 19(23), 10953-10971. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2935035
[31] Li, J. (2025). Governing High-Risk Technologies in a Fragmented World: Geopolitical Tensions, Regulatory Gaps, and Institutional Barriers to Global Cooperation. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-025-00445-4
[32] Kulkarni, A., & Bedekar, M. (2023, December). Standardization in Cloud Computing: Unlocking the Potential of a Fragmented Industry. In International Conference on Advancements in Smart Computing and Information Security (pp. 3-12). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59100-6_1
[33] Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International journal of production research, 57(7), 2117-2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261
[34] Khan, M. A., & Salah, K. (2018). IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges. Future generation computer systems, 82, 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.11.022
[35] Lin, J., Yu, W., Zhang, N., Yang, X., Zhang, H., & Zhao, W. (2017). A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications. IEEE internet of things journal, 4(5), 1125-1142. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2683200
[36] Riđić, O., Jukić, T., Riđić, G., Mangafić, J., Bušatlić, S., & Karamehić, J. (2021). Implementation of blockchain technologies in smart cities, opportunities and challenges. Blockchain technologies for sustainability, 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6301-7_4
[37] Sharma, P., Jindal, R., & Borah, M. D. (2020). Blockchain technology for cloud storage: A systematic literature review. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 53(4), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3403954
[38] Rahman, A., Islam, J., Kundu, D., Karim, R., Rahman, Z., Band, S. S., ... & Kumar, N. (2025). Impacts of blockchain in software‐defined Internet of Things ecosystem with Network Function Virtualization for smart applications: Present perspectives and future directions. International Journal of Communication Systems, 38(1), e5429. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5429
[39] Zhang, Z., Song, X., Liu, L., Yin, J., Wang, Y., and Lan, D. (2021). Recent advances in Blockchain and artificial intelligence integration: feasibility analysis, research issues, applications, challenges, and future work. Secur. Commun. Netw. 2021 (1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9991535
[40] Nag, A., Hassan, M. M., Das, A., Sinha, A., Chand, N., Kar, A., ... & Alkhayyat, A. (2024). Exploring the applications and security threats of Internet of Thing in the cloud computing paradigm: A comprehensive study on the cloud of things. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 35(4), e4897. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4897
[41] Badidi, E. (2022). Edge AI and Blockchain for smart sustainable cities: promise and potential. Sustainability 14 (13), 7609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137609
[42] Atlam, H. F., Azad, M. A., Alzahrani, A. G., & Wills, G. (2020). A Review of Blockchain in Internet of Things and AI. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 4(4), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028
[43] CR, A., Pani, A. K., & Kumar, P. (2025). Blockchain-enabled Smart Contracts and the Internet of Things: Advancing the research agenda through a narrative review. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 84(8), 5097-5147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-024-18931-4
[1] El Hailouch, H., Saati, H., Nhaila, H., El Khaili, M., & Chakir, H. E. (2025, May). Study of the Roles of IoT in the Transformation of Supplier Relationships in Industry 4.0. In 2025 5th International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET) (pp. 1-7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRASET64571.2025.11008138
[2] Raja, G. B. (2021). Impact of internet of things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology in Industry 4.0. In Internet of things, artificial intelligence and blockchain technology (pp. 157-178). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74150-1_8
[3] Lu, Y. (2025). The current status and developing trends of industry 4.0: A review. Information Systems Frontiers, 27(1), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10221-w
[4] Singh, A., Kumar, N., Singh Kaswan, M., Kumar, V., & Chaudhary, R. (2025). Industry 4.0 technologies and healthcare: a review of the current landscape and future prospects. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIEOM-01-2025-0001
[5] Idrissi, Z. K., Lachgar, M., & Hrimech, H. (2024). Blockchain, IoT and AI in logistics and transportation: A systematic review. Transport Economics and Management, 2, 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.team.2024.09.002
[6] Visvizi, A., Malik, R., Guazzo, G. M., & Çekani, V. (2025). The Industry 5.0 (I50) paradigm, blockchain-based applications and the smart city. European Journal of Innovation Management, 28(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-09-2023-0826
[7] Adamashvili, N., Zhizhilashvili, N., & Tricase, C. (2024). The integration of the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology for advancing the wine supply chain. Computers, 13(3), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13030072
[8] Balani, Z., & Mohammed, M. S. (2025, May). The Convergence of AI and Blockchain Technologies: A Review on Enhancing IoT Security. In 2025 5th International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET) (pp. 1-7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRASET64571.2025.11008214
[9] Kumar, A., Mangla, S. K., & Kumar, P. (2024). Barriers for adoption of Industry 4.0 in sustainable food supply chain: a circular economy perspective. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 73(2), 385-411. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-12-2020-0695
[10] Alanhdi, A., & Toka, L. (2024). A survey on integrating edge computing with ai and blockchain in maritime domain, aerial systems, iot, and industry 4.0. Ieee Access, 12, 28684-28709. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3367118
[11] Kuznetsov, O., Sernani, P., Romeo, L., Frontoni, E., & Mancini, A. (2024). On the integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology: a perspective about security. IEEE Access, 12, 3881-3897. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3349019
[12] Pant, R., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Akram, S. V., Gupta, L. R., & Thakur, A. K. (2024). A systematic review of additive manufacturing solutions using machine learning, internet of things, big data, digital twins and blockchain technologies: a technological perspective towards sustainability. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 31(8), 4601-4616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-024-10116-4
[13] Choi, N., & Kim, H. (2024). Technological Convergence of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence: A Review and Challenges. Electronics, 14(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010084
[14] Vijaykumar, V., Mercy, P., Lucia Agnes Beena, T., Leena, H. M., & Savarimuthu, C. (2024). Convergence of IoT, artificial intelligence and blockchain approaches for supply chain management. In Blockchain, IoT, and AI Technologies for Supply Chain Management: Apply Emerging Technologies to Address and Improve Supply Chain Management (pp. 45-89). Berkeley, CA: Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0315-4_2
[15] Zhang, W., Gu, X., Tang, L., Yin, Y., Liu, D., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Application of machine learning, deep learning and optimization algorithms in geoengineering and geoscience: Comprehensive review and future challenge. Gondwana Research, 109, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.03.015
[16] Chakraborty, C. (Ed.). (2022). Digital Health Transformation with Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003247128
[17] Alsharif, M. H., Kelechi, A. H., Yahya, K., & Chaudhry, S. A. (2020). Machine learning algorithms for smart data analysis in internet of things environment: taxonomies and research trends. Symmetry, 12(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010088
[18] Wadhwa, S., & Gupta, D. (2024). Blockchain Revolution: Using Distributed Ledger Technology to Transform Healthcare in WSN-IoT Environment. In Emerging Technologies and the Application of WSN and IoT (pp. 112-128). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com
[19] Alahi, M. E. E., Sukkuea, A., Tina, F. W., Nag, A., Kurdthongmee, W., Suwannarat, K., & Mukhopadhyay, S. C. (2023). Integration of IoT-enabled technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) for smart city scenario: recent advancements and future trends. Sensors, 23(11), 5206. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115206
[20] Sodhro, A. H., Pirbhulal, S., Luo, Z., & De Albuquerque, V. H. C. (2019). Towards an optimal resource management for IoT based Green and sustainable smart cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 1167-1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.188
[21] Ahmed, S. (2025). Enhancing Data Security and Transparency: The Role of Blockchain in Decentralized Systems. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 11(1), 593258. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaems
[22] Aravinth, S. S. Unleashing the Power of Data and Security by Integrating Deep Learning and Blockchain in Smart City Infrastructure Development–A Future Perspective. In Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology for Smart and Sustainable Cities (pp. 20-42). Auerbach Publications. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003476047
[23] Potdar, P. R., & Parikh, S. M. (2025). Internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) enabled framework for smart fleet management. OPSEARCH, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12597-025-00961-7
[24] Qaddoura, R., Younes, M. B., & Boukerche, A. (2024). Towards optimal tuned machine learning techniques based vehicular traffic prediction for real roads scenarios. Ad Hoc Networks, 161, 103508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103508
[25] Hira, S., & Hira, S. (2024). Smart energy management using vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-everything. In Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Modern Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid Systems (pp. 253-290). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23814-7.00010-9
[26] Astarita, V., Giofrè, V. P., Mirabelli, G., & Solina, V. (2019). A review of blockchain-based systems in transportation. Information, 11(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11010021
[27] Khan, D., Jung, L. T., & Hashmani, M. A. (2021). Systematic literature review of challenges in blockchain scalability. Applied Sciences, 11(20), 9372. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209372
[28] Merenda, M., Porcaro, C., & Iero, D. (2020). Edge machine learning for ai-enabled iot devices: A review. Sensors, 20(9), 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092533
[29] Layode, O., Naiho, H. N. N., Adeleke, G. S., Udeh, E. O., & Labake, T. T. (2024). Data privacy and security challenges in environmental research: Approaches to safeguarding sensitive information. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 6(6), 1193-1214. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v6i6.1210
[30] Alotaibi, B. (2019). Utilizing blockchain to overcome cyber security concerns in the internet of things: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 19(23), 10953-10971. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2935035
[31] Li, J. (2025). Governing High-Risk Technologies in a Fragmented World: Geopolitical Tensions, Regulatory Gaps, and Institutional Barriers to Global Cooperation. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-025-00445-4
[32] Kulkarni, A., & Bedekar, M. (2023, December). Standardization in Cloud Computing: Unlocking the Potential of a Fragmented Industry. In International Conference on Advancements in Smart Computing and Information Security (pp. 3-12). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59100-6_1
[33] Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International journal of production research, 57(7), 2117-2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261
[34] Khan, M. A., & Salah, K. (2018). IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges. Future generation computer systems, 82, 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.11.022
[35] Lin, J., Yu, W., Zhang, N., Yang, X., Zhang, H., & Zhao, W. (2017). A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications. IEEE internet of things journal, 4(5), 1125-1142. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2683200
[36] Riđić, O., Jukić, T., Riđić, G., Mangafić, J., Bušatlić, S., & Karamehić, J. (2021). Implementation of blockchain technologies in smart cities, opportunities and challenges. Blockchain technologies for sustainability, 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6301-7_4
[37] Sharma, P., Jindal, R., & Borah, M. D. (2020). Blockchain technology for cloud storage: A systematic literature review. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 53(4), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3403954
[38] Rahman, A., Islam, J., Kundu, D., Karim, R., Rahman, Z., Band, S. S., ... & Kumar, N. (2025). Impacts of blockchain in software‐defined Internet of Things ecosystem with Network Function Virtualization for smart applications: Present perspectives and future directions. International Journal of Communication Systems, 38(1), e5429. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5429
[39] Zhang, Z., Song, X., Liu, L., Yin, J., Wang, Y., and Lan, D. (2021). Recent advances in Blockchain and artificial intelligence integration: feasibility analysis, research issues, applications, challenges, and future work. Secur. Commun. Netw. 2021 (1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9991535
[40] Nag, A., Hassan, M. M., Das, A., Sinha, A., Chand, N., Kar, A., ... & Alkhayyat, A. (2024). Exploring the applications and security threats of Internet of Thing in the cloud computing paradigm: A comprehensive study on the cloud of things. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 35(4), e4897. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4897
[41] Badidi, E. (2022). Edge AI and Blockchain for smart sustainable cities: promise and potential. Sustainability 14 (13), 7609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137609
[42] Atlam, H. F., Azad, M. A., Alzahrani, A. G., & Wills, G. (2020). A Review of Blockchain in Internet of Things and AI. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 4(4), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028
[43] CR, A., Pani, A. K., & Kumar, P. (2025). Blockchain-enabled Smart Contracts and the Internet of Things: Advancing the research agenda through a narrative review. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 84(8), 5097-5147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-024-18931-4