The Effect of a Course of Bray tonic Exercises on Improving Oppositional Disobedience and Anxiety in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Subject Areas :
Exercise Physiology and Performance
Farahnaz Ayatizade Tafti
1
,
Marzie Zaheri
2
,
Alireza Babaei Mazreno
3
1 - Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
2 - Department of Sports Science, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, yazd, Iran.
3 - Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Received: 2023-10-06
Accepted : 2023-10-18
Published : 2023-12-01
Keywords:
attention deficit,
anxiety,
Bray tonic exercises,
improving oppositional disobedience,
hyperactivity disorder,
Abstract :
Background: Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder are the first victims of emotional, behavioral and educational neglect, so the treatment of these children is necessary. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of a course of Bray tonic exercises on improving confrontational disobedience and anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention was designed and implemented.Method: In this semi-experimental research, 40 female students aged 8 to 10 with coping behavior disorder were randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (20 people) and control group (20 people). The mean score of confrontational anxiety and disobedience was measured before and after 8 weeks of Bray tonic exercises, and finally the data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as analysis of variance using version 21 of Spss software.Results: The mean and standard deviation of anxiety before performing Bray tonic exercises in the control and experimental groups were 17.3±15.80, 21.2±10.98 and after performing Bray tonic exercises in the control and experimental groups, respectively, 30±3.18. 18.4±35.39, 18.17, as well as the mean and standard deviation of oppositional disobedience before performing Bray tonic exercises in the control and experimental groups, respectively, 7.40±1.23, 8.15±745, and after performing Bray tonic exercises. In the control and experimental groups, it was 7.20±1.28, 7.20±1.95, respectively. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the amount of confrontational disobedience and anxiety of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder before and after a period of Bray tonic exercises (p≤/05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that a course of Bray tonic exercises can improve confrontational disobedience and anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
References:
1 Ishihara, T.; Sugasawa, S.; Matsuda, Y.; Mizuno, M. Relationship between sports experience and executive function in 6–12-year-old children: Independence from physical fitness and moderation by gender. Dev Sci. 2018, 21, e12555.
2. Sibley, M.H.; Swanson, J.M.; Le Arnold Hechtman, L.T.; Owens, E.B.; Stehli, A.; Pelham, W.E. Defining ADHD symptom persistence in adulthood: Optimizing sensitivity and specificity. J. Child Psychol. 2017, 58, 655–662.
3. Krieger, V.; Amador-Campos, J.A. Assessment of executive function in ADHD adolescents: Contribution of performance tests and rating scales. Child Neuropsychol. 2018, 24, 1063–1087.]
4. Sharifi Gholamreza; Babai Mazreno Alireza; Salmani Ibrahim;, ,Effects of a Period of Selected Activity on Lung Capacities in Children 5-10 Years with Asthma Caused by Exercise. International Journal of Pediatrics , Vol.2, N.3-3, Serial No.10, October 2014
5. Ng, Q.X.; Ho, C.Y.X.; Chan, H.W.; Yong, B.Z.J.; Yeo, W.S. Managing childhood and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with exercise: A systematic review. Complement. Ther. Med. 2017, 34, 123–128.
6. Christiansen, L.; Beck, M.M.; Bilenberg, N.; Wienecke, J.; Astrup, A.; Lundbye-Jensen, J. Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 841.
7. Den Heijer, A.E.; Groen, Y.; Tucha, L.; Fuermaier, A.B.; Koerts, J.; Lange, K.W.; Thome, J.; Tucha, O. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: A systematic literature review. J. Neural Transm. 2017, 124, 3–26.
8. Xue, J.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, Y. A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on ADHD symptoms. Medicine 2019, 98, e15957.
9. Chan, S.K.C.; Zhang, D.; Bögels, S.M.; Chan, C.S.; Lai, K.Y.C.; Lo, H.H.M.; Yip, B.H.K.; Lau, E.N.S.; Gao, T.T.; Wong, S.Y.S. Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention (MYmind) for children with ADHD and their parents: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018, 8, e022514.
10. Santonastaso, O.; Zaccari, V.; Crescentini, C.; Fabbro, F.; Capurso, V.; Vicari, S.; Menghini, D. Clinical Application of Mindfulness-Oriented Meditation: A Preliminary Study in Children with ADHD. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6916.
11. Siebelink, N.M.; Kaijadoe, S.P.T.; van Horssen, F.M.; Holtland, J.N.P.; Bögels, S.M.; Buitelaar, J.K.; Speckens, A.E.M.; Greven, C.U. Mindfulness for Children with ADHD and Mindful Parenting (MindChamp): A Qualitative Study on Feasibility and Effects. J. Atten. Disord. 2021, 25, 1931–1942.
12. Pan, C.-Y.; Chu, C.-H.; Tsai, C.-L.; Lo, S.-Y.; Cheng, Y.-W.; Liu, Y.-J. A racket-sport intervention improves behavioral and cognitive performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2016, 57, 1–10.
13. Grassmann, V.; Alves, M.V.; Santos-Galduroz, R.F.; Galduroz, J.C. Possible cognitive benefits of acute physical exercise in children with ADHD. J. Atten. Disord. 2017, 21, 367–371.
14. Benzing, V.; Schmidt, M. The effect of exergaming on executive functions in children with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2019, 29, 1243–1253.
15. Miklós, M.; Komáromy, D.; Futó, J.; Balázs, J. Acute Physical Activity, Executive Function, and Attention Performance in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Typically Developing Children: An Experimental Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4071.
16. Benzing, V.; Chang, Y.K.; Schmidt, M. Acute physical activity enhances executive functions in children with ADHD. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 12382.
17. Ludyga, S.; Brand, S.; Gerber, M.; Weber, P.; Brotzmann, M.; Habibifar, F.; Pühse, U. An event-related potential investigation of the acute effects of aerobic and coordinative exercise on inhibitory control in children with ADHD. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 2017, 28, 21–28.
18. Memarmoghaddam, M.; Torbati, H.T.; Sohrabi, M.; Mashhadi, A.; Kashi, A. Effects of a selected exercise programon executive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Med. Life 2016, 9, 373–379. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27928441/ (accessed on 30 December 2021).
19. Chou, C.C.; Huang, C.J. Effects of an 8-week yoga program on sustained attention and discrimination function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PeerJ 2017, 5, e2883.
20. Ludyga, S.; Gerber, M.; Mücke, M.; Brand, S.; Weber, P.; Brotzmann, M. The acute effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility and task-related heart rate variability in children with ADHD and healthy controls. J. Atten. Disord. 2020, 24, 693–703.
21. Kadri, A.; Slimani, M.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Tod, D.; Azaiez, F. Effect of taekwondo practice on cognitive function in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 204.
22. Pan, C.Y.; Tsai, C.L.; Chu, C.H.; Sung, M.C.; Huang, C.Y.; Ma, W.Y. Effects of physical exercise intervention on motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD: A pilot study. J. Atten. Disord. 2019, 23, 384–397.
Liu, S.; Yu, Q.; Li, Z.; Cunha, P.M.; Zhang, Y.; Kong, Z.; Lin, W.; Chen, S.; Cai, Y. Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercises on Executive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2020, 11, 3482.
