• صفحه اصلی
  • بررسی اتنوبوتانی گیاهان دارویی منطقه جنوب کرمان

اشتراک گذاری

آدرس مقاله


کد مقاله : EJMP-2002-1555 (R5) بازدید : 144 صفحه: 30 - 63

20.1001.1.23223235.1399.8.1.3.3

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

بررسی اتنوبوتانی گیاهان دارویی منطقه جنوب کرمان

محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی

سیدحمزه حسینی کهنوج 1 (گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه جیرفت)
حسین بی باک 2 (گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه جیرفت)
عبدالله رمضانی قرا 3 (گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه جیرفت)

تاریخ دریافت : 1398/11/27 تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/03/31 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/03/01

کلید واژه: اتنوبوتانی, جنوب کرمان, گیاهان دارویی,

چکیده مقاله :

پژوهش حاضر باهدف مطالعه دانش اتنوبوتانی مردم بومی هفت شهرستان جنوبی استان کرمان به مساحت 50 هزار هکتار که به منطقه جنوب کرمان معروف است، طی سال‌های 1398-1396 انجام شد. بدین‌صورت که دانش قوم گیاه شناسی 129 آگاه محلی (سن 80-25 سال) شامل گیاه درمان‌های محلی، بهره برداران از منابع طبیعی و افراد محلی با تحصیلات مرتبط با گیاهان دارویی با استفاده از پیمایش صحرایی و به‌صورت مصاحبه حضوری و روش بارش افکار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. اطلاعات شامل نام محلی، نام علمی، نوع کاربرد ومصرف محلی، روش مصرف، اندام مورداستفاده برای هرگونه گیاهی ثبت شد. درمجموع،251گونهگیاه دارویی متعلق به63 خانواده گیاهی و 206 جنس در این منطقه شناسایی گردید. کاربرد اتنوبوتانیکی 103 گونه گیاهی برای اولین بار در این منطقه شناسایی و ثبت گردید. بیشترین گزارش کاربرد گیاهان این منطقه به ترتیب مربوط به یماری های گوارشی، پوستی، عمومی و تنفسی بود. خانواده های Asteraceae، Apiaceae و Lamiaceae و جنس های Ferula، Artemisia و Nepeta به‌ترتیب بیشترین گیاهان دارویی این منطقه را شامل شدند. در زمینه گیاهان با گزارش استفاده بالا، Rhazya stricta ، Calotropis procera ، Artemisia spp.، Zataria multiflora وBerberis integerrima به‌ترتیب بیشترین گزارش استفاده در درمان زخم، اگزما، معده درد، اختلالات تنفسی و دیابت را شامل شدند. برگ و گل، اندام رایج و جوشانده و ضماد شکل معمول استفاده از گیاهان دارویی در درمان بیماری ها بودند. یافته های این تحقیق نشان می دهد که اطلاعات اتنوبوتانیکی درون خرده فرهنگ های مردم این منطقه می تواند سرآغاز مناسبی برای تحقیقات کاربردی در صنایع دارویی و بهداشتی باشد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Abstract: Present study was done to investigate the ethnobotanical knowledge in south Kerman which contains 7 cities. Data were collected from 129 herbal healer using semi-structured questionnaires and open interviews. Information including local name, scientific name, ailments treated, part used, mode of preparation, and life form were recorded. A total of 251 plant species belonging to 63 families were identified and recorded as the medicinal herbs. Identification of the 103 plant species as the medicinal herb for the first time in this region was the highlighted result of thisg; study. Gastrointestinal, skin, general and unspecified, and respiratory diseases, respectively ranked as the most utilized ailments category for medicinal plants in this region. Asteraceae, Apiaceae, and Lamiaceae, respectively were the top medicinal plants families. Also, Ferula, Artemisia and Nepeta were the mostly used plant genera. Rhazya stricta, Calotropis procera, Artemisia spp., Zataria multiflora, and Berberis integerrima as the medicinal plants with high use report showed the most uses for wounds, skin disorders, stomach ache, respiratory disorders and diabetes, respectively. The most commonly plants part used were Leaf, flower, seed, and fruit. The commonly crud drug administration was decoction and poultice. In general, the findings suggested that valuable information is available within cultures and subcultures of the folk communities from different parts of the country and with recording of this knowledge could preserve them. Also, could be as the beginning of the applied research in the pharmaceutical and healthcare studies.

منابع و مأخذ:


 

  1. Aderounmua, A.O., Omonisib, A.E., Akingbasotec, J.A., Makanjuolad, M., Bejide, R., Orafidiya, L.O. and Adelusolae, K.A. 2013. Wound-healing and potential anti-keloidal properties of the latex of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Asclepiadaceae in rabbits. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 10(3): 574-579.‏
    2.
  2. Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Shahzadi, N., Yaseen, G., Murphey, T. M. and Sultana, S. 2017. Ethnobotanical importance of medicinal plants traded in Herbal markets of Rawalpindi-Pakistan. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 11: 78-89.
    3.
  3. Alemardan, A., Rezaei, M., Mohammadi, S. and Asadi, W. 2013. Cultivation of Iranian seedless barberry (Berberis integerrima ‘Bidaneh’): A medicinal shrub. Industrial Crops and Products, 50: 276-287.
    4.
  4. Ashraf, H., Heidari, R., Nejati, V. and Ilkhanipoor, M. 2013. Aqueous extract of Berberis integerrima root improves renal dysfunction in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 3: 82-90.
    5.
  5. Azadbakht, M. and Hosseini, M. 2016. The need to standardize the extract of medicinal plants in research and how to do it. Razi Journal of Medical Science, 23(152): 9-17.
    6.
  6. Adam, SEI.1998. Toxicity of Rhazya stricta to sheep. Veterinary and human toxicology, 40: 68-69.
    7.
  7. Al-Fatimi, M. 2019. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in central Abyangovernorate, Yemen. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 241: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111973
    8.
  8. Ahmadpur, A. and Mirsardoo, F. 2008. Citrus in Jiroft and Kohnuj area, educational media management-coordination of agricultural promotion, 34-78.
    9.
  9. Assadi, M., Khatamsaz, M., Masomi, A.A. and Babakhanloo P. 2005. Flor of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands press. Iran, 3-51.
    10.
  10. Bibak, H. and Moghbeli, F. 2017. Collection, identification and use of traditional and indigenous medicinal plants in Jiroft city. Journal of Medicinal plants, 16(4): 116-140.
    11.
  11. Choedon, T., Mathan, G., Arya, S., Kumar, V. L. and Kumar, V. 2006. Anticancer and cytotoxic properties of the latex of Calotropis procera in a transgenic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12(16): 2517.‏
    12.
  12. Dezak, S., Mahmoudvand, H. and Sharififar, H. 2016. Chemical composition along with anti-leishmanial and cytotoxic activity of Zataria multiflora. Pharmaceutical Biology, 5: 752-758.
    13.
  13. Derakhshan, A.R., Yousefi, M., Dehghan, S., Zargaran, A. and Khodadoost, M. 2019. Digestion process and causes of indigestion based on Avicenna’s view and modern medicine. Traditional Medicine Research, 4: 140-147.
    14.
  14. Dhir, R. and Shekhawat, G.S. 2012. Critical review on Tecomella undulata: a medicinally potent endangered plant species of Indian desert. International Journal of Current Research, 4: 36-44.
    15.
  15. Davis, P.H. 1988. Flora of Turkey. Edinburgh University Press, Turkey, 1-10.
    16.
  16. Ghahreman, A. 1997. Colorful flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 1-26.
    17.
  17. Goyal, R., Sharma, P.L. and Singh, M. 2010. Pharmacological potential of Tecomella undulata in acute and chronic inflammation in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research, 1: 108-114.
    18.
  18. Ghelichnla, H. 2018. Essential oil composition of thymus fedtschevkol ronniger at different growing altitudes in Mazandaran, Iran. Cercetari agronomice in Moldova, 2(174): 75-83.
    19.
  19. Hamed, A., Alberto, M., Balestrieri, A., Mahalel, I., Springuel, W., Oleszek, C., Pizza, C. and Piacente, S. 2006. Cardenolide glycosides from pergularia tomentosa    and    Their    Proapoptotic Activity in Kaposi’s Sarcoma Cells. Journal of Natural Product, 69: 1319-1322.
    20.
  20. Heinrich, M., Lardos, A., Leonti, M., Weckerle, C. and Willcox, M. 2018. Best practice in research: consensus statement on ethnopharmacological field studies-Con SEFS. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 211: 329-339.
    21.
  21. Hosseini, S.H., Azarnivand, H., Ayyari, M., Zare Chahooki, M.A., Erfanzadeh, R., Piacente, S. and Kheirandish, R. 2018. Modeling potential habitats for Pergularia tomentosa using maximum entropy model and effect of environmental variables on its quantitative characteristics in arid rangelands, southeastern Iran. Journal of Ecology and Environment, 1-13.
    22.
  22. Hosseini, S.H., Masullo, M., Cerulli, A., Martucciello, S., Ayyari, M., Pizza, C. and Piacente, S. 2019. Antiproliferative cardenolides from the aerial parts of pergularia tomentosa. Journal ofnatural products, 82: 74-79.
    23.
  23. Ishtiaq, M., Mahmood, A. and Maqbool, M. 2015. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Sudhanoti district (AJK), Pakistan Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168: 201-207.
    24.
  24. Khaksari, M., Rezvani, M.E., Sajadi, S.M. and Soleymani, A. 2000. Investigating the effect of topical consumption of Rhazya stricta aqueous extract on skin repair of laboratory white rats. Journal of Koomesh, 1(3): 1-10.
    25.
  25. Kemmerich, B., Eberhardt, R. and Stammer, H. 2006. Efficacy and tolerability of a fluid extract combination of thyme herb and ivy leaves and matched placebo in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung, 56(9): 652-60.
    26.
  26. Kemmerich, B. 2007. Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of dry extracts of thyme herb and primrose root in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebocontrolled multicentre clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung, 57(9): 607-15.
    27.
  27. Khodami, M., Abbasnejad, M., Sheibani, V., Mobasher, M., Mehrabani, M., Goodary, A. and Salari, S. 2011. Evaluation of the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of Dracocephalum polychaetum. Physiology and Pharmacology, 15 (2): 444-454.
    28.
  28. Khan, S. and Khan, GM. 2007. In Vitro antifungal activity of Rhazya stricta Decne. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 20(4): 274-279.
    29.
  29. Kazeem, M.I., Mayaki, A.M., Ogungbe, B.F. and Ojekale, A.B. 2016. In-vitro studies on calotropis procera leaf extracts as inhibitors of key enzymes linked to diabetes mellitus. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research, 15: 37-44.
    30.
  30. Kulkarni, K.M., Patil, L.S., Khanvilkar, V.V. and Kadam, V.J. 2014. Fingerprinting techniques in herbalstandardization. IAJPR (Indo American Journal ofPharm Research), 4(2): 1050-62.
    31.
  31. Maassoumi, A. 2003. (Flora of Iran. Papilionaceae Astragalus I). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press. Iran. No. 43.
    32.
  32. Marwat, S., Rehman, F., Usman, K.h., Shah, S., Anwar, N. and Ullah, I. 2012. A review of phytochemistry, bioactivities and ethno medicinal uses of Rhazya stricta Decsne (Apocynaceae).  African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(8): 1629-1641.
    33.
  33. Mahboubi, M. and Bidgoli, F. 2010. Antistaphylococcal activity of Zataria multiflora essential oil and its synergy with vancomycin. Phytomedicine, 17: 548–50.
    34.
  34. Majd, A., Mehrabian, S., Mostafai, H. and Rahmani, H. 2008. Antioxidant and anticancer effect of aqueous extract of Berberis integerrima. Journal of Biological Science, 1:31-38.
    35.
  35. Mahjoub, F., Rezayat, K.A., Yousefi, M., Mohebbi, M. and Salari, R. 2017. Pistacia atlantica Desf. A review of its traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacology.Journal of Medicine and Life, 11: 180-186.
    36.
  36. Mehrabani, M., Meymand, Z. and Myrtajaldyny, M. 2012. Collected and identified a selection of wild plants Baft city (Kerman province) and study their traditional uses. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 4(3): 275-285.
    37.
  37. Meena, K., Ajay, K. and Uttam, S. 2010. A review on Calotropis procera Linn and its ethnobotany, phytochemical. pharmacological profile. Drug Invention Today, 2(2): 185-190.
    38.
  38. Mozaffari, E., Abai, M.R., Khanavi, M. and Vatandoost, H. 2014. Chemical composition, larvicidal and repellency properties of Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Arthropod-Borne Dis, 8(2): 147–155.
    39.
  39. Mobayen, S. 1985. Flora of iran vascular plants. Tehran University Publications, Iran.
    40.
  40. Mozaffarian, V.A. 1996. Dictionary of Iranian plant names. Latin, English, Persian, Farhang Mo'aser. Iran, 190-191.
    41.
  41. Mirjalili, M., Bibi, F. and Meybody, A. 2006. Chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts, leaves, flowers and roots of Artemisia persica Boiss from Iran. Essential Oil Research, 18: 544-547.
    42.
  42. Moghadam, H., Rahbarian, R. and Sadoughi, S.D. 2015. The effect of aqueous extract of Launaea acanthodes (Boiss.) Kuntze on the serum levels of insulin and blood glucose and histomorphological changes of pancreas in diabetic rats. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 19: 30-37.
    43.
  43. Naseri, M., Babaeian, M., Ghaffari, F., Kamalinejad, M., Feizi, A., Mazaheri, M., Mokaberinejad, R. and Adibi, P. 2016. Bloating: Avicenna’s perspective and modern medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 21: 154-159.
    44.
  44. Noori, M., Zolfegari, B. and Rezaee, J. 2016. Ethnobotanical and phytochemical studies of some Lamiaceae family members in Sarband. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7(4): 475-487.
    45.
  45. Organization, W.H. 2002. WHO traditional medicine strategy 2002–2005. 2002. Geneva World Heal. Organ.
    46.
  46. Okkes, I.M., Jamoulle, M., Lamberts, H. and Bentzen, N. 2000. ICPC-2-E. The electronic version of ICPC-2. Differences with the printed version and the consequences. Fam Pract, 17: 101-106.
    47.
  47. Panmei, R., Gajurel, P.R. and Singh, B. 2019. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by the Zeliangrong ethnic group of Manipur, northeast India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.009.
    48.
  48. Padhy, B., Srivastava, A. and Kumar, V. 2007. Calotropis procera latex affords protectionagainst carbon tetrachloride inducedhepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113: 498–502.
    49.
  49. Parvaiz, M., Hussain, K. and Khalid, S. 2014. A review: Medicinal importance of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae Family). Global Journal of Pharmacology, 8 (1): 08-13.
    50.
  50. Pouraboli, I., Nazari, S., Sabet, N., Sharififar, F.and Jafari, M. 2016. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antilipid peroxidative activities of Dracocephalum polychaetum shoot extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: In vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmaceutical biology, 54: (2): 272-8.
    51.
  51. Raza, M.  2006. A role for physicians inethnopharmacology and drug discovery. Journal ofEthnopharmacology,104: 297-301.
    52.
  52. Rajabi, L., Shokrpur, M. and Heydari, 2012. M.Dracocephalum polychaetum an endemic plant with various medicinal properties, The 3rd National Conference on Agriculture and Food Sciences, Fasa Azad University.
    53.
  53. Rechinger, K.H. 2005. Flora Iranica. Akademische Druck University Verlagasantalt Graz, Austia, 1-175.
    54.
  54. Ramazani, R. and Parishani, M. 2008. Introduction of medicinal plants of Meimand historical region in Kerman province. Journal of Agricalture Sciencea and Natural Resour, 5: 157-165.
    55.
  55. Rasooli, I., Rezaee, M.B., Moosavi, M.L. and Jaimand, K. 2003. Microbial sensitivity and chemical properties of the essential oil of Artemisia Annua. Journal of essential Oil Reserch, 15: 59–62.
    56.
  56. Sadeghi, Z., Akaberi, M. and Valizadeh J. 2014. Otostegia persica (Lamiaceae): A review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedical, 4 (2): 79-88.
    57.
  57. Sadat-Hosseinia, M., Farajpourc, M., Boroomandd, N. and Solaimani, F. 2017. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants in the south of Kerman, Iran. Journal of ethnopharmacology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.006.
    58.
  58. Sereshta, H.R., Aldaghib, L.S., Cheshomi, H. and Gholamib, O. 2016. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Launaea acanthodes; an Endemic Species of Iran. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 7: 185-192.
    59.
  59. Suschkea, U., Sporera, F., Schneelea, J., Konrad, H.b. and Reichlinga, J. 2007. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Nepeta cataria L., N. cataria var. citriodora (Beck.) Balb. And Melissa officinalis L. essential oils. Natural Product Communications, 2: 1-12.
    60.
  60. Srivastava, S., Srivastava, M., Misra, A. and Pandey, G. 2015.  A review on biological and chemical diversity in Berberis (Berberidaceae). Excel Journal, 14: 247-267.
    61.
  61. Sharifi, F., Moharamkhani, MR., Moattar, F., Babakhanloo, P. and Khodami, M. 2014. Ethnobotanical Study of medicinal plant of Joopar Mountans of Kerman provinciae. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 21(1): 37-51.
    62.
  62. Sil, R. and Chakraborti, A.S. 2016. Oxidative inactivation of liver mitochondria in high fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome inrats: effect of glycyrrhizin treatment. Phytotherapy Research, 30: 1503-1512.
    63.
  63. Sefidkon, F. and Asgari, F. 2002. Essential oil composition of 5 Thymus species. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Iran. Medicinal Aromatic Plants Research, 12: 29-51.
    64.
  64. Sajed, H., Sahebkar, A. and Iranshahi, M. 2013. Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme)­- ­an ancient condiment with modern pharmaceutical uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145: 686-98.
    65.
  65. Shimizu, T., Igarashi, J., Ohtuka, Y., Oguchi, S., Kaneko, K. and Yamashiro, Y. 2001. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E oncolonic mucosal leukotriene generation, lipid peroxidation, and microcirculation in rats withexperimental colitis. Digestion, 63: 49-54.
    66.
  66. Sureshkumar, J., Silambarasan, R. and Ayyanar, M. 2017. An ethnopharmacological analysis of medicinal plants used by the Adiyan community in Wayanad district of Kerala, India. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 12: 60-73.
    67.
  67. Sharif, A. and Pourakbar, L. 2016. The Anti-Radical Properties of phenolic compounds of dry and fresh barberry (Berberis Integerrima × Vulgaris). Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 9(3): 1139-1146.
    68.
  68. Silambarasan, R. and Ayyanar, M. 2015. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in 383 Palamalai regions of Eastern Ghats, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 172: 162-178.
    69.
  69. Tanideh, N., Masoumi, S, Hosseinzadeh, M., Safarpour, A.R., Erjaee, H., Koohi-Hosseinabadi, O. and Rahimikazerooni, S. 2014. Healing effect of pistacia atlantica fruit oil extract in acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Iranian journal of medical sciences, 39(6): 522-528.
    70.
  70. Tehrani, M.S., Givianrad, M.H., Aberoomand, P., Husain, S.W. and Mohammadi, S.A. 2013. Chemical composition of Iran’s Pistacia atlantica cold-pressed Oil. Journal of chemistry, 1-6.
    71.
  71. Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M. and Arzani, A. 2017. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chemistry, 220: 153-161.
    72.
  72. Tuttolomondo, T., Licata, M., Leto, C., Savo, V., Bonsangue, G., Gargano, M. L. and La Bella, S. 2014. Ethnobotanical investigation on wild medicinal plants in the Monti Sicani Regional Park (Sicily, Italy). Journal ofethnopharmacology, 153: 568-586.
    73.
  73. Townsend, CC. and Guest, E. 1960. Flora of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture and Agriarian Reform, Baghdad, 1-9.
    74.
  74. Toori, M.A., Joodi, B., Sadeghi, H., Sadeghi, H., Jafari, M., Talebianpoor, M.S. and Ghavamizadeh, M. 2015. Hepatoprotective activity of aerial parts of Otostegia persica against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 5(3): 238-243.
    75.
  75. Gumisiriza, H., Birungi, G., Olet, E.A. and Sesaazi, C.D. 2019. Medicinal plant species used by local communities around queen elizabeth national park, maramagambo central forest reserve and ihimbo central forest reserve, south western Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111926
    76.
  76. Takhtajan, A. 1986. Floristic regions of the world.University of California Press. 522 p.
    77.
  77. Heinrich, M. 2004. Medicinal plants of the world: an illustrated scientific guide to important medicinal plants and their uses. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 91(2-3): 371-373.
    78.
  78. Vadlapudi, V., Behara, M., Kaladhar, D.S. Kumar, S.S., Seshagiri, B. and Paul, M.J. 2012. Antimicrobial profile of crude extracts Calotropis procera and Centella asiatica against some important pathogens. Indian journal of science and Technology, 5(8): 3132-3136.‏
    79.
  79.  Wayne, P.M., Waering, P. and Bazzaz, F.A. 1993. Birch seedling responses to daily time courses of light in enyperimental forest gaps and shadehouses. Journal of Ecology, 74(5): 1500-1515.
    80.
  80. Yassa, N., Sharififar, F. and Shafiee, A. 2005. Otostegia persica as a source of natural antioxidants. Pharmaceutical biology, 43(1): 33-38.
    81.

 

 

 

 

_||_

مقالات مرتبط

حقوق این وب‌سایت متعلق به سامانه مدیریت نشریات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی است.
حق نشر © 1403-1400

صفحه اصلی| عضویت/ ورود| درباره سند| تماس با ما|
[English] [العربية] [en] [ar]