Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Unaccompanied Refugee Minors: A Narrative Literature Review
محورهای موضوعی :
Report of Health Care
Yodang Yodang
1
,
Nuridah Nuridah
2
1 - School of Nursing, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka
2 - School of Nursing, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Sembilanbelas November, Kolaka, Indonesia
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/08/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/10/06
تاریخ انتشار : 1398/09/10
کلید واژه:
Mental Health,
Cybertherapy,
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors,
Virtual Reality,
چکیده مقاله :
Introduction: In recent time, terror, war or community conflict commonly occur and children as a vulnerable population are not immune to the effect of trauma and violence. Unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) seem to be likely more vulnerable and to have been victim to four or more traumatic events than children with families. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent psychological disturbances among individuals exposed to traumatic events. This study aims to review the management of PTSD among children who have mental health issues related to migration to other countries without parents, adult relatives or proxy. Methods: The present study was conducted by searching and identifying appropriate sources related to therapy for PTSD among unaccompanied refugee minors through four journal databases including DOAJ, Google Scholar, Proquest, and Science Direct. Result: Some studies have shown the effectiveness of cyber-therapy especially virtual reality to manage PTSD symptoms, however, the majority of participants in these studies are military and veterans. Conclusion: Further studies and evidence focus on the role of cyber-therapy so that virtual reality in managing PTSD symptoms among unaccompanied refugee minors is highly needed.
منابع و مأخذ:
Jaycox LH, Kataoka SH, Stein BD, Langley AK, Wong M. Cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools. J Appl Sch Psychol. 2012; 28 (3): 239- 255.
Reed RV, Fazel M, Jones L, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet. 2012; 379 (9812): 250- 265.
Tello AM, Castellon NE, Aguilar A, Sawyer CB. Unaccompanied refugee minors from central america: understanding their journey and implications for counselors. Prof Couns. 2017; 7 (4): 360- 374.
Cameron G, Frydenberg E, Jackson A. Young refugees in Australia: Perspectives from policy, practice and research. Childr Australia. 2011; 36 (2): 46- 55.
Huemer J, Karnik NS, Voelkl-Kernstock S, Granditsch E, Dervic K, Friedrich MH, et al. Mental health issues in unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2009; 3 (1): 13.
Huemer J, Karnik N, Steiner H. Unaccompanied refugee children. Lancet. 2009; 373 (9664): 612- 614.
Laufer A, Solomon Z. Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2006; 25 (4): 429- 447.
Fawzi MC, Betancourt TS, Marcelin L, Klopner M, Munir K, Muriel AC, et al. Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Haitian immigrant students: implications for access to mental health services and educational programming. BMC Public Health. 2009; 9 (1): 482.
Ehntholt KA, Yule W. Practitioner review: assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war‐related trauma. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006; 47 (12): 1197- 1210.
Little SG, Akin-Little A, Somerville MP. Response to trauma in children: An examination of effective intervention and post-traumatic growth. Sch Psychol Int. 2011; 32 (5): 448- 463.
Kim YJ, Cho YA, Kim HA. A mediation effect of ego resiliency between stresses and mental health of North Korean refugee youth in South Korea. Child Adolesc Social Work J. 2015; 32 (5): 481- 490.
Bean T, Derluyn I, Eurelings-Bontekoe E, Broekaert E, Spinhoven P. Validation of the multiple language versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-37 for refugee adolescents. Adolescence. 2007; 42 (165): 51.
Rousseau C, Measham T, Nadeau L. Addressing trauma in collaborative mental health care for refugee children. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013; 18 (1): 121- 136.
Rousseau C, Drapeau A. Are refugee children an at‐risk group? A longitudinal study of Cambodian adolescents. J Refug Stud. 2003; 16 (1): 67- 81.
Davis ES, Pereira JK. Child-centered play therapy: A creative approach to culturally competent counseling. J Creat Ment Health. 2014; 9 (2): 262- 274.
Shukoor J. Trauma and children: A refugee perspective. Child Australia. 2015; 40 (3): 188- 194.
Fazel M, Reed RV, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet. 2012; 379 (9812): 266- 282.
Pacione L, Measham T, Rousseau C. Refugee children: Mental health and effective interventions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013; 15 (2): 341.
Riva G, Botella C, Castelnuovo G, Gaggioli A, Mantovani F, Molinari E. Cybertherapy in practice: the VEPSY updated project. Cybertherapy. 2004; 99: 3- 14.
Bashshur RL, Shannon GW, Bashshur N, Yellowlees PM. The empirical evidence for telemedicine interventions in mental disorders. Telemed E Health. 2016; 22 (2): 87- 113.
Hilty DM, Ferrer DC, Parish MB, Johnston B, Callahan EJ, Yellowlees PM. The effectiveness of telemental health: a 2013 review. Telemed E Health. 2013; 19 (6): 444- 454.
Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD. The future of cybertherapy: improved options with advanced technologies. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2004; 99: 263- 270.
Azarang A, Pakyurek M, Giroux C, Nordahl TE, Yellowlees P. Information technologies: An augmentation to post-traumatic stress disorder treatment among trauma survivors. Telemed E Health. 2019; 25 (4): 263- 271.
Pennant ME, Loucas CE, Whittington C, Creswell C, Fonagy P, Fuggle P, et al. Computerised therapies for anxiety and depression in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2015; 67: 1- 8.
Carvalho CA. A theoretical inquiry into the role of enaction in cybertherapy. Int Conf Technol Ecosystems Enhanc Multicultur. 2015; 45- 51.
Riva G. Virtual reality in psychotherapy. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2005; 8 (3): 220- 230.
Salmi S. What virtual reality technologies could provide to specialized healthcare in Finland?. Master Thesis Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. 2018.
Rizzo AS, Shilling R. Clinical virtual reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017; 8 (sup5): 1414560.
Vakili V, Brinkman WP, Morina N, Neerincx MA. Characteristics of successful technological interventions in mental resilience training. J Med Syst. 2014; 38 (9): 113.
Botella C, Serrano B, Baños RM, Garcia-Palacios A. Virtual reality exposure-based therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of its efficacy, the adequacy of the treatment protocol, and its acceptability. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015; 11: 2533.
Olthuis JV, Wozney L, Asmundson GJ, Cramm H, Lingley-Pottie P, McGrath PJ. Distance-delivered interventions for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2016; 44: 9- 26.
