اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های روانی- اجتماعی رانندگان بر پرخاشگری و خشم آنان
محورهای موضوعی : روش ها و مدل های روانشناختی
محسن شکوهی یکتا
1
(دانشیار دانشگاه تهران)
سعید اکبری زردخانه
2
(استادیار دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)
مریم محمودی
3
(دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی کودکان استثنایی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی)
کلید واژه: پرخاشگری, رانندگی پرخاشگرانه, خشونت جاده‌ای, مدیریت خشم,
چکیده مقاله :
رانندگان پرخاشگر یکی از نگرانی‌های سلامت عمومی و اجتماعی هستند و توجه رسانه‌ای و عمومی قابل ملاحظه‌ای به آنها شده است. رفتار پرخاشگرانه در جاده طبق گزارشات رو به افزایش است. در کشورهای مختلف توجه ویژه‌ای به خشونت جاده‌ای می‌شود و برنامه‌های متعددی برای آموزش کنترل و مدیریت خشم به رانندگان طراحی و اجرا می‌گردد. به هرحال، در ایران به این مهم توجه نشده است. در این مطالعه، اثربخشی بسته آموزشی مهارت‌های روانیاجتماعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. این تحقیق از نوع شبه آزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون- پس‌آزمون تک گروهی است. آموزش در یک گروه از رانندگان (176 نفری) به مدت 9 جلسه 80 دقیقهای اجرا شد. ابزار پژوهش، دو ابزار سیاهه بیان خشم حالت-صفت و پرسشنامه پرخاشگری پری و باس بودند. هر چند، نتایج حاکی از اثربخشی بسته آموزشی بر کاهش پرخاشگری رانندگان بود، اما مداخله حاضر تاثیر معناداری را بر کاهش خشم در شرکت‌کنندگان نشان نداده است. در پایان، نتیجه گیری و بحث و همچنین محدودیت‌ها و پیشنهادهایی برای پژوهش‌های آتی ارایه شده است.
Aggressive drivers are one of the social and public health concerns, and media and public attention towards them have been very high. Aggressive behavior on the roads is reported to be on the increase. Many countries pay particular attention to road rage and a variety of programs have been designed to train drivers in the area of anger management. While in Iran, this important matter has not been addressed in the studies. In this research the effectiveness of a psychosocial skills training package was examined. The current study was pseudo- experimental design with pretest-posttest single group. The training was implemented for one group of drivers (N=176), for a period of 9 sessions of 80 minutes. Pre and posttest measures were obtained by State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). While results demonstrated the effectiveness of the training package in reducing aggression among drivers, no significant impact was reported on the reduction of anger for them. Finally, discussion as well as limitations and implications for future research are also presented.
حاجی امینی، زهرا؛ چراغعلی پور، ضرغام؛ آزادمرزآبادی، اسفندیار، عبادی، عباس و نوروزی کوشالی، علی. (1390). مقایسه میزان استرس شغلی در رانندگان نظامی و غیرنظامی شهر تهران. مجله طب نظامی، دوره 13، شماره 1، 25-30.
خدایاری‌فرد، محمد؛ غلامعلی لواسانی، مسعود؛ اکبری زردخانه، سعید؛ و لیاقت، سمیه. (1386). گزارش پژوهشی بررسی ویژگیهای روان‌سنجی و هنجاریابی سیاهة ابراز خشم صفت ـ حالت 2 اسپیلبرگر در بین دانشجویان. تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
سامانی، سیامک (1386). بررسی پایایی و روایی پرسشنامه پرخاشگری باس و پری. مجله روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران، 4، 359-365.
شفیعی مقدم، پروین (1385). دستورالعمل اجرایی ضوابط احراز سلامت جسمانی و روانی (صلاحیت پزشکی) متقاضیان انواع گواهینامه رانندگی. سومین کنفرانس منطقه ای مدیریت ترافیک، تهران.
Arnett, J. J., Offer, D., & Fine, M. A. (1997). Reckless driving in adolescence: ‘State’ and ‘trait’ factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29, 57-63.
Baron, R., Richardson, D., (1994). Human Aggression. Plenum Press, New York.
Beirness, D. J. (1993). Do we really drive as we live? The role of personality indicator in road crashes. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 9, 129-143.
Buss, A. H.; & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
Cremona, A. (1996) Psychiatric illness and driving Performance. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 56, 193-195.
Deffenbacher, J. L. (2009). Angry drivers: characteristics and clinical interventions. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, Enero, Vol. 26, 1, 5-16
Deffenbacher, J. L., Deffenbacher, D. M., Lynch, R. S., & Richards, T. L. (2003). Anger, aggression, and risky behavior: A comparison of high and low anger drivers. Behavior Research and Therapy, 41, 701-718.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Huff, M. E., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., & Salvatore, N. F. (2000). Characteristics and treatments of high-anger drivers. Journal ofCounseling Psychology, 47,5–17.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., & Yingling, D. A. (2001). Driving anger: correlates of a test of state trait theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1321–1331.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Petrilli, R. T., Lynch, R. S., Oetting, E. R., and Swaim, R. C. (2003). The Driver’s Angry Thoughts Questionnaire: A Measure of Angry Cognitions When Driving. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Vol. 27(4), 383–402.
Deffenbacher, J. L., White, G. S., & Lynch, R. S. (2004). Evaluation of two new scales assessing driving anger: The Driving Anger Expression Inventory and the Driver’s Angry Thoughts Questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26,87–99.
Deffenbacher, J. L.,Filetti, L. B., Lynch, R. S.,Dahlen, E. R., Oetting, E. R. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of high anger drivers, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 895–910.
Deffenbacher, J., Oetting, E., Lynch, R.. (1994). Development of a driving anger scale. Psychological Reports, 74, 83 – 91.
Deffenbacher,J. L., White, G. S., and. Lynch, R. S. (2003). Evaluation of Two New Scales Assessing Driving Anger: The Driving Anger Expression Inventory and the Driver’s Angry Thoughts Questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Vol. 26, No. 2, 87-99.
Del Vecchio, T., & O’Leary, K. D. (2004). Effectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(1), 15–34.
DiGiuseppe, R. & Tafrate, R. C. (2003). Anger treatment for adults: A meta-analytic view. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(1), 70-84.
Ellison-Potter, P., Bell, P., & Deffenbacher, J. (2001). The effects of trait driving anger, anonymity, and aggressive stimuli on aggressive driving behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 431–443.
Elvik, R. (2000). How much do road accidents cost the national economy? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32, 849–851.
Esiyok, B. Yasak,Y. Korkusuz, I. (2007). Anger expression on the road: validity and reliability of the driving anger expression inventory. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 18 (3).
Galovski, T. E., & Blanchard, E. B. (2002). The effectiveness of a brief psychological intervention on court-referred and self-referred aggressive drivers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1385–1402.
Gulian, E., Debney, L. M., Glendon, A. I., Davies, D. R., & Matthews, G. (1989). Coping with driver stress. In F. J. McGuigan, W. E. Sime, & J. M. Wallace (Eds.), Stress and tension control (Vol. 3, pp. 173–186). New York: Plenum Press.
Hennessy, D. A., & Wiesenthal, D. L. (2001). Gender, driver aggression, and driver violence: An applied analysis. Sex Roles, 44, 661-676.
Herrick, C. G. (2001). Aggressive personality type and its link to aggressive driving. PSI CHI Journal of Undergraduate Research, 6, 4, 168-174.
Ismail, R., Ibrahim, Zamani Rad, Borhanuddin, B. (2009). Angry Thoughts and Aggressive Behavior Among Malaysian Driver: A Preliminary Study to Test Model of Accident Involvement. European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.10(2).
James, L. (1997). Aggressive driving and road rage: Dealing with emotionally impaired drivers. Retrieved October 2, 1998 (http://www.house.gov/transportation/surface/sthearin/ist717/james.htm).
Jovanovic, D., Lipovac, K., Stanojevic , P., & Stanojevic, D. (2010). The effects of personality traits on driving-related anger and aggressive behaviour in traffic among Serbian drivers. Transportation Research, 14, 43–53.
Kogan, L. R., Richards, T. L., & Deffenbacher, J. L. (2001). Effects of relaxation and cognitive therapy for driving anger reduction. Paper presented at the 109th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, California.
Lajunen, T., & Parker, D. (2001). Are aggressive people aggressive drivers? A study of the relationship between self-reported general aggressiveness, driver anger and aggressive driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33, 243–255.
Lajunen, T., & Parker, D. , & Stradling, G. (1998). Dimention of driver anger, aggressive and highway code violations and their mediation by safty orientation in a UK drivers. Transportation Research, 1, 107-121.
Larson, J. A. (1996). Steering clear of highway madness. Wilsonville, OR: Book partners.
Lau, B.V. K. (2001). Anger in our age of anxiety: What clinicians can do. The Hong Kong Practitioner, 23, 258-264.
Matthews, G., Dorn, L., & Glendon, A. I. (1991). Personality correlates of driver stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 535 – 549.
Parker, D., Lajunen, T., & Summala, H. (2002). Anger and aggression among drivers in three European countries. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34, 229–235.
Perry, A. R., & Baldwin, D. A. (2000). Further evidence of associations of type A personality scores and driving-related attitudes and behaviors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 147–154.
Roberts, L., & Indermaur, D. (2005). Boys and Road Rage: Driving-Related Violence and Aggression in Western Australia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal Of Criminology, 38, 3,PP. 361–380.
Ross, H. L. (1940). Traffic accidents: a product of social–psychological conditions. Social Forces, 18, 569–576.
Selzer, M. L., & Vinokur, A. (1974). Life events, subjective stress, and traffic accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(8), 903-906.
Spielberger, C. D. (1988). State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory . Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Spielberger, C. D. (1999). Manual for the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. Odessa, FL: Psychlogical Assessment Resources.
Tafrate, R. C. (1995). Evaluation of treatment strategies for adult anger disorders. In H. Kassinove (Ed.), Anger disorders: Definition, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 109–130). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Taylor, J. L., & Novaco, R. W. (2005). Anger treatment for people with developmental Disabilities: A theory, evidence and manual based approach. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Wright, S., & Crundall, D. (1999). Anger while driving Transportation Research, 2, 55–68.
Yilmaz, V & Celick, E, (2004). A model for Risky driving Attitudes in turkey. Social Behavior & Personality, 32, (8), 791-796.
