بررسي غلظت فلزات سنگين در خاک و آب منطقه صنعتي و کشاورزي سردرود تبريز
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و خاک
1 - گروه منابع طبيعي و محيط زيست، دانشگاه پيام نور، تهران، ايران.
کلید واژه: عناصر کمياب, آب آبياري, مسموميت, جذب اتمي, خاک,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: آلودگي فلزات سنگين در حال حاضر به يکي از بزرگترين و رايجترين معضلات زيست محيطي مناطق مختلف دنيا و ايران تبديل گرديده است. شناسايي کمي و کيفي اين نوع آلودگي ها قبل از آنکه به حد بحراني برسند به يکي از دغدغه هاي محققين علوم محيط زيست تبديل شده است. در همين راستا، در اين مطالعه غلظت پنج فلز سنگين - روي، سرب، کروم، کادميوم و نيکل - در خاک و آب مناطق زراعي اطراف يک منطقه صنعتي-کشاورزي در جنوب غرب شهر تبريز بنام سَردرود برآورد گرديد. اين منطقه عليرغم داشتن باغات و مزارع قديمي و متنوع، قطب صنعتي شهر تبريز نيز محسوب ميشود و کارخانجات متعدد کوچک و بزرگي در آن ناحيه مستقر است.
روش پژوهش: بدين منظور طي دو سال زراعي 1400-1401 از چهل مزرعه مختلف منطقه سردرود در جنوب غرب کلان شهر تبريز به صورت تصادفي نمونه هايي از خاک و آب تهيه و پس از انتقال به آزمايشگاه با استفاده از روش جذب اتمي ميزان فلزات سنگين در آن‌ها مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. بيشتر ايستگاه‌هاي نمونه‌برداري از مزارع سبزيجات انتخاب گرديدند. بطور متوسط از هر هکتار منطقه منتخب دو نمونه خاک و دو نمونه آب آبياري در طول مدت تحقيق جمع‌آوري و مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.
يافته ها: در مجموع 80 نمونه خاک و هشتاد نمونه آب آبياري جمع‌آوري و مورد آناليز قرار گرفت. براساس نتايج بدست آمده، ترتيب محتويات کمي فلزات سنگين در نمونه هاي آب به صورت Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd جمع‌آوري شده بود. الگوي مشابهي در نمونه هاي خاک نيز مشاهده شد و ترتيب غلظت فلزات در نمونه ها بصورت Zn>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd در خاکهاي زراعي مشاهده گرديد. سطوح فلزي مشاهده شده با استانداردهاي ذکر شده در منابع مختلف داخلي و خارجي مقايسه شد. ميانگين غلظت فلز روي و کادميوم در اکثر نمونه هاي آب آبياري و ميزان کادميوم تقريباً در همه نمونه هاي خاک بالاتر از حد مجاز بود. بالاترين غلظت کادميوم (11ميلي گرم بر کيلوگرم خاک) در نمونه هاي خاک جمع آوري شده بيش از دو برابر حد مجاز گزارش شده بود.
نتايج: به استثناء کادميوم در برخي نمونههاي خاک، سطوح غلظت بدست آمده در خاک و آب آبياري منطقه سردرود براي ساير فلزات سنگين در سطح هشدار و خطرناک قرار نداشت. با توجه به امکان انتقال آلودگي فلزات سنگين از خاک و آب آبياري به گياهان سبزي، زراعي و باغي، شناسايي پراکنش و انباشتگي ميزان فلزات سنگين در خاک و آب آبياري مناطق عمده کشاورزي از اهميت بسياري برخوردار است. بر اساس نتايج اين تحقيق لازم است در مورد منابع ورود کادميوم به خاک و آب آبياري اين منطقه شناسايي و اقدامات اصلاحي در اين خصوص انجام گردد.
Background and Aim: Heavy metals pollution is one of the most widespread and serious environmental problems in different regions of the world, including Iran. It is essential to identify the quantity and quality of these pollutants before they reach a critical level, which is a concern for environmental science researchers. In this regard, in this study we estimated the concentration of five heavy metals - zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) - in the soil and water of agricultural areas surrounded by industrial-agricultural zone in Sardroud which is located in the southwest of Tabriz. Although this zone has old and diverse gardens and farms, but it is also the industrial hub of Tabriz city, where numerous small and large factories are located in that area.
Method: Soil and water samples were randomly collected from forty different vegetable farms in the Sardroud zone in the southwest of Tabriz metropolis, during the crop years of 1400-1401. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and analyzed for the concentration of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Most of the sampling stations were selected from vegetable farms. On average, two soil samples and two irrigation water samples were collected and tested per hectare of the selected fields during the experiment.
Results: A total of 80 soil samples and 80 irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in water samples followed the order of Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd. A similar pattern was observed in soil samples, with the order of Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd. The metal levels were compared with the standards from various domestic and foreign sources. The average concentration of Zn and Cd in most of the irrigation water samples and the concentration of Cd in almost all soil samples exceeded the recommended acceptable limit. The highest concentration of Cd (11 mg/kg soil) in the soil samples was more than twice the permissible limit.
Conclusion: Except for Cadmium in some soil samples, the concentration levels obtained in the soil and irrigation water of Sardroud region for other heavy metals were not at alarming and dangerous levels. Considering the possibility of transferring heavy metal contamination from soil and irrigation water to vegetable, agricultural and garden plants, it is very important to identify the distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and irrigation water of major agricultural areas. Based on the results of this research, it is necessary to identify the sources of cadmium entering the soil and irrigation water of this area and take corrective measures in this regard.
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